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Estimating Parameters and Gathering Data 53 addition, advancing the technology at the integrated component level by designing new engine types (variations to the Brayton cycle discussed in Chapter Two) to incorporate new modes of engine op- eration or entirely new methods of carrying out the functions of engine components could affect development costs. Past and ongoing examples of major technology and cycle changes include shifting from turbojets to turbofans, incorporating thrust vectoring nozzles (such as those in the F119), and incorporating vari- able cycle capabilities (such as in the F120). Similarly, examples of potential major technical advancements include the shift to fixed- geometry fluidic nozzles for afterburning thrust-vectoring engines and magnetic bearings and integral starter-generators for all new engines. To explore the influence of advanced technology on development programs, we created a binary variable to indicate whether an engine incorporates advanced technology. The fan engines that incorporate advanced technology, which are included in the sample, are TF30P- 3, TF39A-1, F100-100, F100-229, F101-100, F119-100, F120-100, F402 (Pegasus 6), F404-400, and F414-400.3 New Centerline Engine Developments. As noted in Chapter Two, engines can be developed as “new centerlines,” meaning that they are designed from scratch or designed using a “clean sheet.” By con- trast, aircraft development programs frequently integrate existing (off-the-shelf) engines or include the development of derivatives of existing engines. Using off-the-shelf or derivative engines normally saves development cost and time and reduces risk when compared with a new centerline development. Although designing a new centerline for a large engine can cost bil- lions of dollars, it offers the greatest flexibility of design. For example, the designer can optimize the engine’s thermodynamic cycle pa- rameters for the aircraft and its intended mission, or sometimes a new engine is designed to fill a requirement for a new thrust class. In ______________ 3The decision to designate an engine an “advanced technology engine” is fairly sub- jective. In some cases, new technologies are incorporated, but they are few in number and do not add significantly to the cost, schedule, and performance risks inherent in a development program.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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