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98 Military Jet Engine Acquisition relative lack of U.S. research in jet engine development at that time has been exaggerated (St. Peter, 1999). Nonetheless, jet-powered military aircraft developed in the United States during and immedi- ately after World War II largely depended on British engines and British engine technology. Although turbine engines had been in industrial use since the nineteenth century, major technical and engineering obstacles prevented their application to aircraft and serious aircraft jet engine development until the mid-1930s. In the late nineteenth century, Englishman Charles Parsons invented a practical industrial steam turbine. It was soon successfully applied to the generation of electricity. By 1900, the British Royal Navy had procured at least two destroyers powered by steam turbines; less than a decade later, commercial ocean liners were equipped routinely with the same type of propulsion. Early in the twentieth century, engineers also began experimenting with gas-powered turbines. One of the most successful early efforts was carried out by Sanford Moss at General Electric (GE), who developed an operational laboratory gas turbine prototype in 1907. Unfortunately, those very early gas turbines were extremely fuel inefficient, using about four times the amount of fuel of an equivalent gas piston engine (Heppenheimer, 1995). Gas turbines for use on aircraft posed truly daunting technical prob- lems, the most significant of which were obtaining the appropriate lightweight heat-resistant materials and developing adequate com- pressor efficiency. Another major technical barrier was the need for development of a workable, robust, and reasonably fuel-efficient combustor system to drive the turbine and compressor. For these reasons and others, development efforts for gas turbine aircraft en- gines languished for decades. In the United States, research at GE and elsewhere focused on the development of turbochargers for conventional piston aircraft engines. These efforts met with great success and resulted in powerful high-altitude piston engines for U.S. Army Air Corps fighters and bombers. In the UK, theoretical and experimental research on gas turbine en- gines suitable for aircraft started in the 1920s, led by a few maverick engineers, and continued on through the 1930s on a small scale. As early as 1926, Alan Griffith, a scientist who worked at the Royal Air- craft Establishment at Farnborough, England, developed the conceptPDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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