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An Overview of Military Jet Engine History 103 lems with the XP-80, de Havilland experienced development prob- lems with the axial-flow Goblin engine, and the aircraft did not per- form as well as anticipated. In the end, only 174 Vampire F Mk1s were built for the RAF, and they did not become operational until after the war (Gunston, 1989).3 Germany, however, was significantly ahead of the UK in the jet en- gine development effort, and one authority has estimated that Ger- many had at least a five-year lead in development over the Ameri- cans at the beginning of the war (St. Peter, 1999). With their strong lead in 1939 in axial-flow turbo jets, it is not surprising that the Ger- mans proved to be the only combatant to field a successful jet fighter during the war. However, only two of the German jet engine devel- opment programs produced reasonably successful operational en- gines. They were the 2,000-pound-thrust Junkers Jumo 004 engine, two of which powered the Me 262, and the 1,800-pound-thrust BMW 003 engine. Many observers argue that the best and most maneuver- able German jet fighter of the war was the Heinkel He 280, powered by the HeS8 that had been developed by von Ohain and others, which first flew in April 1941. The Heinkel He 280 was tested in a mock dogfight against a Focke Wolf FW 190, Germany’s best con- ventional fighter, and beat it badly. But the Heinkel HeS8 engine ex- perienced numerous development problems, and for that and other reasons, the He 280 never entered production.4 The very fast but much less maneuverable Me 262, powered by the Jumo 004, first flew in July 1942. The production version of the Jumo 004, however, had to be significantly redesigned to reduce its use of scarce vital war materials such as nickel, chromium, and cobalt. This not only delayed the program but resulted in an unreliable engine. By late 1944, the Me 262 had achieved high-rate production in un- derground facilities. But by this time, the Allies had near total air su- periority and were bombing German industrial facilities and the country’s transportation infrastructure around the clock. ______________ 3Also see Green and Swanborough (1994); Donald (1999); and Taylor (1995). 4For example, see the “Heinkel He 280” link on the Hot Tip Aircraft Web page at www.stud.uni-hannover.de/user/67700/he280.htm and Green and Swanborough (1994).PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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