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108 Military Jet Engine Acquisition mounted with and behind the turbine near the back of the engine. This concept was successfully bench tested in 1957 as the CJ-805. P&W decided to move ahead with a fanjet when Boeing threatened to go with the GE engine for its new long-range 707s. P&W engineers successfully modified the standard J57 military turbo- jet with a larger front-end compressor/fan, turning it into a high- efficiency low-bypass turbofan engine suitable for very-long-range flight. Suddenly P&W had a large advantage over GE because the modification to the J57 was relatively minor, and that engine was al- ready proven to be a highly capable engine. GE’s rear-fan engine was just a test article. The Air Force quickly became interested in the P&W JT3D and eventually used the military variant (TF33) for the KC- 135 aerial tanker and other aircraft. Besides the Boeing B-707, the JT3D commercial variant powered the competing Douglas DC-8, as well as the Boeing 720. More than 21,000 J57/JT3s were eventually produced well into the 1980s. Most important, the low-bypass turbo- fan later led to advanced new fighter engines and to high- and very- high-bypass turbofans, which revolutionized commercial transport power plants. The move toward high-pressure-ratio engines first advocated by P&W soon confronted designers with new difficulties. As pressure ratios increased for optimal efficiency at cruise conditions, problems arose with the design of the compressor operating efficiently at low speeds and especially during acceleration. Under these conditions, airflow patterns over the compressor airfoils were very different than they were under their design conditions, and small disturbances that could cause compressor stall became common. GE made the revolu- tionary technological breakthroughs that solved this problem by de- veloping variable-geometry compressor systems, which used vari- able-geometry stators. A row of stators redirects the airflow between each row of rotating compressor blades in the compressor assembly. Variable stators change their angle of attack for different airflow conditions, thus addressing the compressor stall problems. This technological breakthrough led to the development of the famous J79 turbojet engine, made Mach 2 flight possible, and was critical for the development of modern very-high-bypass commercial engines that power today’s large airliners.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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