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114 Military Jet Engine Acquisition ment competition, each contractor had ended up receiving almost exactly half of the total overall orders. Most studies find little or no evidence that the Air Force enjoyed a significant net savings in total R&D and procurement spending as a result of this competition. On the other hand, it is widely believed that the Air Force acquired better-performing, more-reliable, and more-maintainable engines from more-responsive contractors. Meanwhile, GE had also moved ahead with and developed the F404 low-bypass turbofan (sometimes called a “leaky turbojet”) out of its J101 work for the Navy’s McDonnell Douglas/Northrop (now Boeing) F/A-18, the developmental outcome of the YF-17. This was intended to be a relatively simple and reliable engine, in the same thrust class as the J79 but with half the weight and far fewer parts. Interestingly, although the Navy was pleased with this engine, the Navy designated P&W as a second source to ensure the possibility of competition. The Navy leadership also noted that of all the U.S. suppliers only P&W and GE were capable of designing and manufacturing advanced jet fighter engines like the F110 and F100 (Dabney and Hirschberg, 1998). Thus, the era of the augmented turbofan was a stormy period of dramatic increases in engine capability in which P&W pushed the bounds of technology and skirted with failure, while GE benefited from traveling a slightly more conservative route. At the end of the period, the quasi-institutionalized competition between the two re- maining key contractors during the “Great Engine War” was viewed by many in the services as being critical to obtaining reliable high- performance military engines. SUPERCRUISE AND STEALTH In the early 1980s, the Air Force and Navy formally began developing requirements for next-generation fighters to replace the F-15 and the F-14 and the engines that powered them.12 The Navy eventually dropped out of this joint effort, later developing its own new fighter, ______________ 12This section is based primarily on Hirschberg (1997) and Aronstein, Hirschberg, and Piccirillo (1998).PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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