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An Overview of Military Jet Engine History 117 weight standards. This requirement was made more complex when, in 1987, teams from the two primary airframe contractors—GE and P&W—concluded from their extensive design trade studies that a more powerful engine with 35,000 pounds of thrust would be needed. GE and P&W were permitted to make their own decisions on how much new technology and what capabilities they would demonstrate in their flight-test engines and how much new technology and what capabilities they would demonstrate on ground tests. GE again chose a higher-risk approach than P&W did by choosing to demonstrate more capability in its flight-test demonstrator. Again, the strategy was to win in the final selection by demonstrating greater perfor- mance during the flight tests. P&W’s YF119 design for flight demonstration was only slightly differ- ent from its XF119 design for ground testing and could not meet the new higher thrust and other requirements in a flight demonstration. GE’s YF120 engine, by comparison, was far closer to its proposed EMD design baseline. As a result of these two different approaches, both the Lockheed/GD/Boeing YF-22 and the Northrop/McDonnell- Douglas YF-23 ATF demonstrator aircraft showed higher perfor- mance levels with the GE flight demonstration engine than when equipped with the P&W flight demonstration engine. However, the Air Force did not consider this demonstration to be a performance “fly-off” but rather a demonstration of the technical and manage- ment capability needed to meet the program objectives during EMD with the least technical risk and the lowest cost. In April 1991, Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice announced the selection of the Lockheed team and the P&W engine to proceed into EMD for the new ATF. It appears that Lockheed and P&W were se- lected on the grounds that their proposals represented lower techni- cal risk and lower cost. GE’s variable-cycle approach and vaneless HPT-LPT interface concepts were perceived as new technical ap- proaches that were less than fully proven and complex, and that increased technical risk. P&W successfully portrayed its engine as be- ing more conservative technically, less complex, and, based on in- cremental improvements, still fully capable of eventually meeting all engine performance requirements at lower risk and cost.PDF Image | Military Jet Engine Acquisition Technology Basics and Cost-Estimating Methodology
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