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Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis Module Development • Addition of a fuel tank volume calculation routine. • Step-up cruise procedures can now be performed, via a switch, at the op- timum altitude (fixed cruise Mach number) for minimum specific fuel con- sumption, maximum lift to drag ratio, or maximum specific range. • Introduction of full diversion mission calculations. • Modelling accuracy improvements for climb and descent calculations. • Updated calibration of baseline long range and short range aircraft models for NEWAC. • Isolation of physics from mathematics through a new aircraft model formu- lation; the new aircraft model is formed as a system of non-linear equations compared to the previous version that was based on a nested-loops scheme. • The aircraft model is now solved using routines from the LISIS library (see Section 3.5). • Three different calculation modes are now available: design, business case, and parametric study. Furthermore, range can now be calculated for a given fuel load. As a result of these modifications, the code’s accuracy and robustness has im- proved significantly, while all numerical noise issues previously encountered have essentially been eliminated. Computational speed has improved by more than two orders of magnitude and can now be considered almost negligible compared to the execution times of other TERA2020 modules. In the previous HERMES version, the step-up cruise procedure was performed at optimum cruise altitude for maximum lift to drag ratio. The addition of new options for cruise optimal altitude selection is illustrated in Fig. 3.8. The default option used now in HERMES is maximum specific range which yields the best aircraft performance in terms of minimising block fuel. The parametric study calculation mode can be used to perform a variety of tasks. An example of utilising this HERMES option for performing transport efficiency studies is demonstrated in Fig.3.9. As illustrated, fuel burn in [lt/(km*pax)], and therefore CO2 emissions (in [kg/(km*pax)]), are lower at a given technology level for aircraft designed to carry a larger number of passengers for smaller distances. 47PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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