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Module Development Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis Finally, the main weight groups considered in the aircraft weight calculations car- ried out by HERMES are illustrated in Fig. 3.10. Component weight calculations are largely based on the work presented by Torenbeek [100] and Roskam [101,102]. 3.2.3 Exchange rates Two baseline aircraft models are in use in NEWAC TERA2020; one model for long range applications and one for short range. The former model is largely based on public domain information available for the Airbus A330-200 and is designed to carry 253 [pax] for a distance of 12500 [km]. The latter model is largely based on public domain information available for the Airbus A320-200 and is designed to carry 150 [pax] for a distance of 4800 [km]. Block fuel predictions made with HERMES assume a load factor of unity and no cargo. This is by no means a typical airline practice, and validating absolute block fuel predictions with public domain airline data is not a trivial task as different airlines will follow different operational practices. For example for the long range aircraft model, the HERMES business case prediction is 10% lower than the published annually-averaged value, given in [lt/(km*pax)], by SwissAir for 2009 for the Airbus A330-200 [103]. This does not necessarily mean that the HERMES business case is not a realistic one; nor that it wouldn’t fit well with operational practices followed by other airlines. Furthermore, regional Air Traffic Management (ATM) practices can skew available block fuel data, while global ATM regulations may very well change significantly by 2020. It should be noted that fuel planning in HERMES respects the requirements defined for international flights by FAA [62] and JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities) [63]. Table 3.2: Block fuel exchange rates using the HERMES baseline long range and short range rubberised wing aircraft models. Perturbation 1000 [kg] weight penalty +1% SFC LR 0.73% 1.28% SR 1.26% 1.09% Exchange rate 50PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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