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Module Development Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis 3.3 HEPHAESTUS This section provides a brief review of existing emissions prediction and envi- ronmental impact models, and discusses various aspects of the development of HEPHAESTUS, an emissions and environmental impact prediction code tailored to meet the needs of the NEWAC TERA2020 tool. 3.3.1 Introduction to emissions modelling As discussed in Chapter 1, public awareness and political concern on aviation induced pollution has improved substantially during the past 30 years; and so have the efforts to address the problem. Ref. [105] provides a good introduction to the impact of aviation induced emissions on the global atmosphere. A review on aero engine pollutant emissions, and some of the technologies currently un- der research for reducing them, is given by Wulff and Hourmouziadis [106]. For conceptual design of more environmental friendly aero engines with novel com- bustion technologies, the need rises for sufficiently accurate models for estimating pollutant emissions and their impact on the environment. Prediction models of gaseous emissions for aero gas turbine combustors typically need to focus on the following pollutants: NOx, CO, unburned hydrocarbons and smoke. Lefebvre [8] describes thoroughly the formation mechanisms for these pollutants, focusing on the influence of various parameters such as temperature and pressure. Combustion and emissions prediction models can be divided into the following categories [107]: • Semi-empirical • Phenomenological • 3-D CRFD RANS (Computational Reactive Fluid Dynamics, Reynolds- Averaged NavierStokes equations) • Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) It is evident that, although, direct numerical simulation is the most powerful of the above mentioned methods, the associated computational time and cost is 52PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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