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Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis Module Development Table 3.4: Global warming potential figures for CO2, H2O(g) and NOx versus altitude (reproduced from [47]). Altitude [km] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 CO2 GWP 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.62 4.6 1 0.72 0.6 H2O(g) GWP NOx GWP 0.0 -7.1 0.0 -7.1 0.0 -7.1 0.0 -4.3 0.0 -1.5 0.0 6.5 1 0.0 14.5 1 0.0 37.5 1 0.0 60.5 1 0.0 64.7 1 0.24 68.9 1 0.34 57.7 1 0.43 46.5 1 0.53 25.6 The environmental impact of a given engine/aircraft combination can be esti- mated by HEPHAESTUS in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) using NOx, CO2 and gaseous H2O emissions estimates for the entire business case flight profile and a parametric GWP model from the CRYOPLANE project [47] with a selected time horizon of 100 years; this approach was chosen for its simplic- ity and computational speed compared to employing a sophisticated 3D climate model. GWP is an index that attempts to integrate the overall climate impacts of an emitted pollutant over a time horizon of 100 years, essentially relating the impact to that of an equivalent mass of CO2. The GWP values for gaseous H2O and NOx utilised by the HEPHAESTUS environmental impact model are given in table 3.4. It should be noted that there are large uncertainties in environmental impact results produced with GWP models. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states [140]: To assess the possible climate impacts of short-lived species and com- pare those with the impacts of the long-lived greenhouse gases, a met- 61PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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