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Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis System uncertainty due to thermo-fluid modelling Some of the uncertainties of thermo-fluid modelling and the potential dangers induced by certain assumptions in gas turbine performance have been discussed in the gas turbine literature [5,94,183,193–195]. Nevertheless, the actual effects of error propagation still remain unclear with respect to gas turbine performance calculations and multi-disciplinary simulations at aircraft system level. Cen- gel [196] argues that “the assumptions made while solving an engineering problem must be reasonable and justifiable”. The work presented in this chapter aims to fill the current literature gap by: i) investigating the common assumptions made in thermo-fluid modelling for gas turbines and their effect on caloric properties and ii) assessing the impact of uncertainties on performance calculations and emissions predictions at aircraft system level. In the first part of this chapter, a comprehensive analysis of thermo-fluid mod- elling for gas turbines is presented and the thermo-fluid models developed for the TERA2020 (Techno-economic, Environmental and Risk Assessment for 2020) en- gine performance rubber decks are discussed in detail. Common technical models, used for calculating caloric properties, are compared while typical assumptions made in fluid modelling, and the uncertainties induced, are examined. Several analyses, which demonstrate the effects of composition, temperature and pres- sure on caloric properties of working mediums for gas turbines, are presented. The working mediums examined include dry air and combustion products for var- ious fuels and Hydrogen to Carbon ratios (H/C). The errors induced by ignoring dissociation effects are also discussed. In the second part of this chapter, the uncertainty induced in performance calcu- lations by common technical models, used for calculating caloric properties, is dis- cussed at engine level. The errors induced by ignoring dissociation are examined at three different levels: i) component level, ii) engine level, and iii) aircraft sys- tem level. Essentially, an attempt is made to shed light on the trade-off between improving the accuracy of a fluid model and the accuracy of a multi-disciplinary simulation at aircraft system level, against computational time penalties. The accuracy/uncertainty of an overall engine model will always be better than the mean accuracy/uncertainty of the individual component estimates as long as sys- tematic errors are carefully examined and reduced to acceptable levels to ensure error propagation does not cause significant discrepancies. The results obtained demonstrate that accurate modelling of the working fluid is essential, especially for assessing novel and/or aggressive cycles at aircraft system level. Computa- 81PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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