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System uncertainty due to thermo-fluid modelling Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis utilised via tables and their range of validity is typically the same as with the CHEMKIN-II format polynomials. For the “no dissociation” option of the developed fluid model a constant gaseous composition of the working medium has been assumed. Composition is only allowed to change when combustion or mixing takes place; no allowances for dissociation have been made. The products of combustion for any hydrocarbon will comprise only water vapour, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen and oxygen (if combustion is lean). Since there is no dissociation, the composition of the products does not change even with changes in temperature as the distributions of moles and consequently mole fractions remain the same at any temperature. This implies that the mean molecular weight of the gases in the products of combustion remains constant regardless of the temperature or pressure. The no dissociation option is suitable for any hydrocarbon with the structure CaHb where lean and stoichiometric ideal combustion is concerned. For the “complete dissociation” option the assumption has been made that full chemical equilibrium is reached by the working medium at every given tem- perature and pressure. This approach considers the complex series of reaction steps typically encounter in combustion, which can yield many major and minor constituents when the large number of potential reactions is considered. The ex- tensive simulations carried out with the NASA CEA code [188] that support the “complete dissociation” option in the fluid model are described in detail in [201]. Detailed descriptions of the definition of equilibrium constants as well as the calculation procedures are presented in reference [204]. The composition of the main combustion products of Jet-A (i.e. the ones with mole fractions greater than 5 · 10−6) for a range of temperatures assuming chemical equilibrium is pre- sented in Table 4.2. It can be observed that dissociation becomes first noticed at 1500 [K], and increasingly important at higher temperatures. Theoretically, as the temperature of the combustion products reduces due to cooling in the burner and due to the expansion process in the turbine, dissocia- tion should cease, and the mixture should return to the non-dissociated species composition. In practice however, fast local chilling of the reactions - for exam- ple due to contact with the cooler walls of the combustor or due to insufficient residence times in the turbine - will result in some dissociated species still being present in the final mixture (i.e. frozen composition). Generating an accurate fluid model to account for this phenomenon is considered to be highly complex 84PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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