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Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis System uncertainty due to thermo-fluid modelling process and it’s the overall trends that are important rather than the absolute values. For the intercooled engine design studied herein the NOx emission index predic- tions for the ICAO and mid-cruise points were found to vary by less than 1%, as can be observed in Fig. 4.15. Accounting for dissociation is essentially more important for take-off and climb-out where combustor outlet temperatures are higher. Typical parameters calculated for the ICAO LTO (Landing and Take- Off) cycle, with and without accounting for dissociation effects, can vary as much as 0.7% and 0.3%, respectively. The error in calculating the DpNOx/Foo param- eter can be considered negligible since the uncertainty of a P3T3 (or any other similar) semi-empirical emissions prediction model can be as much as 20% when extrapolating at the high OPR values expected for an intercooled cycle (typically much higher than 50). The total mass of each gaseous pollutant calculated for an aircraft long range mission and its assorted Global Warming Potential (GWP) can vary as much as 1%, as illustrated in Fig. 4.16. It can be argued that taking into account dissociation effects reduces systematic errors in the calculation of pollutant mass and GWP. Nevertheless, these errors are also well within the uncertainty of the environmental impact model and can therefore be considered negligible. The predicted climb time and corresponding fuel burn reduces by 1.2% and 0.8%, respectively, when dissociation effects are taken into account. These differences are attributed to the increased thrust being predicted for the same combustor outlet temperature; they are averaged out though by the cruise segment having to last just a little bit longer to achieve a given range. Although the variability in calculating the total time and fuel burn was found to be less than 0.25%, as illustrated in Fig. 4.16, it should be noted that ignoring dissociation effects will essentially introduce a systematic error in the predictions; for accurate block fuel predictions dissociation effects should not be ignored. It can therefore be concluded that accurate modelling of the working fluid is essential, especially for assessing novel and/or aggressive cycles at aircraft system level. 101PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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