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Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis Towards the optimal 2020 ducted turbofan Bigger direct drive fans rotating at low speeds result in high torque requirements which increase the LP shaft outer diameter. The HPC inner diameter has to be pushed out and therefore, for a given flow area, the resulting blade height tends to reduce, as illustrated in Fig. 7.9 - the problem is less marked for a conventional core as illustrated in Fig. 7.10. For a given blade height requirement the core mass flow needs to be increased and it can therefore be concluded that an intercooled core would favour a geared fan arrangement, over a direct drive one, since it could alleviate some of the restrictions set on the cycle. An aft fan arrangement as the one presented in [230] could further relieve this issue; the disruptive elements associated with such an arrangement however, would make 2020 an ambitious target for entry into service. Furthermore, cooling requirements for struts in the mid-frame could potentially negate some of the thermal efficiency benefits predicted for the intercooled core. 7.2.5 IPC/HPC work split Increasing engine OPR improves thermal efficiency and hence SFC, as illustrated in Fig. 7.11. The optimal OPR level for the conventional core is constrained by the maximum allowable HPC delivery temperature set, as illustrated in Fig. 7.12. For an intercooled cycle, this limitation is alleviated but only to give its place to a minimum blade height requirement which consequently sets a minimum allowable core size constraint. The optimal OPR level for the intercooled core at a fixed specific thrust is therefore a trade-off between a better core efficiency and a smaller core size. If one assumes constant component polytropic efficiencies then SFC benefits will arise for the conventional core from shifting pressure ratio to the more efficient High Pressure (HP) shaft. As the HPC pressure ratio rises beyond the upper limit set, the core configuration would inevitably need to be changed to a two- stage HPT. This would introduce higher cooling flow requirements (and hence losses) and would also make the core heavier and longer, negating the originally projected benefits. Efficient intercooling requires that the IPC has significantly less pressure ratio than the HPC [88]. For that reason, a two-stage HPT has been assumed for the intercooled core while a minimum IPC design pressure ratio was set two avoid potential icing problems during decent. 165PDF Image | Multi-disciplinary conceptual design of future jet engine systems
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