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Harvesting hydropower 131 Figure 1 Device structure of the multi-layered disk triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). (a) The schematic diagram showing the structure design of the multi-layered disk TENG. (b) The enlarged picture showing the D-shape shaft going through all the center- holes. (c) The SEM image of the silver nanoparticles coated on the aluminum electrode of the rotor part, the inset is the SEM image in higher magnification. which uniformly distribute across the whole surface with an average diameter of 50 nm. In this experimental demon- stration, the projected surface area of the TENG device is 34.2 cm2. In the following discussion, this value will be used to calculate the transferred charge density, current density, and power density of the multi-layered device. The operation mechanism of the multi-layered disk TENG can be explained as the coupling of the contact electrifica- tion and the relative-rotation-induced charge transfer. For simplicity, we adopted a structure with two tribo- electric units to illustrate the multi-layer integrated elec- tricity generation process, as shown in Figure 2a. For a parallel integration, the aluminum films in the two layers of units are connected together, while the two PTFE's electro- des are also connected as the other common electrode. In the first state (Figure 2a1), the rotor and the stators are at the overlapping position where the triboelectric surfaces are in closely contact. Since the PTFE is a more triboelec- trically negative material than aluminum [22], electrons will be injected from Al surfaces to PTFE, leaving the PTFE surfaces negatively charged and the Al surfaces positively charged with equal density. But there is little electric potential drop across the two electrodes, thus no electron flowing through the external circuit at this state. When the rotor is driven to rotate and slide against the stator surfaces (stage a2), the overlapping area starts to decrease, resulting in an in-plane separation of the opposite tribo-charges in both of the two layers. This induces a higher potential at the aluminum common electrode of the rotor part in reference to the common electrode of PTFE, which will drive a current flow from the rotor part to the stators in order to screen this induced potential difference. This electricity generation process will last until the two parts rotate to a complementary position without overlap in contact area, which fully separates the opposite tribo-charges, as shown in Figure 2a3. In this state, all of the mobile tribo-charges on the Al films have been transferred to the common electrode of PTFE, which doubles the amount of transferred charges as driven by the one-layer structure. As the rotor continues spinning, the aluminum films will gradually get contact with adjacent sector of PTFE films (stage a4), resulting in an increase in the overlapping area, and thus a decrease in the tribo-charge-induced potential difference. As a result, the transferred charges on the PTFE electrodes will flow back to the aluminum film through external load in order to re-establish the electro- static equilibrium, which contributes to the second cycle of current in reverse direction. When the rotor reaches the fully overlapping position with the stators again (stage a1), all the positive tribo-charges will flow back from the PTFE electrode to the Al films. Therefore, in each individual cycle, triboelectric charges from each layer of TENG ele- ment will contribute to the electrical output of the whole device, which means that the amount of transferred charges in the multi-layered TENG will theoretically equal to the summation of the charge transfer from each single tribo- electric unit. This will lead to the multiplied current signal and thus the multiplied power output, compared to the single-layered disk TENG. In order to verify this output enhancement from multi- layer integration, we employed finite element simulation (FEM) to compare one-layer structure (Figure 2b) with two- layer integration (Figure 2c) in their generated potential difference between the two electrodes at the open-circuit condition and the transferred charge density at the short- circuit condition when both of them are at the fully displaced state. For the simplicity, the 2-dimensional mod- els were utilized. Each tribo-charged surface has the same area of 10 mm 1 mm and is assigned with a charge density of 78mC/m2 (positive for Al and negative for PTFE).PDF Image | Multi-layered disk triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting hydropower
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