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132 Y. Xie et al. Figure 2 Working mechanism of the multi-layered disk TENG. (a) A full cycle of electricity generation process of the TENG. (b) Finite element simulation of the potential difference and transferred charge density for the disk TENG with one tribo-charged unit. (C) Finite element simulation of the potential difference and transferred charge density for the disk TENG with two tribo- charge units. According to the Figure 2b, the calculated open-circuit voltage (Voc) and transferred charge density (Δs) from the single-layered TENG structure are 1658 V and 7.76 mC/m2, respectively. When another layer of the same structure is integrated adjacently, which has a synchronized in-plane displacement (Figure 2c), the Voc and Δs between the two groups of parallelly-connected electrodes will increase to 2229 V and 15.72 mC/m2, respectively. By comparing these two groups of results, the transferred charge density is doubled through this multi-layer integration, as expected from the theoretical discussion. On the other hand, the elevation of the Voc should come from the superposition of the electric fields generated by the two groups of separated tribo-charges, which are located close to each other [23,24]. Therefore, the numerical simulation results clearly illustrate that the multi-layer integration of the disk TENG is a very effective approach to get multiplied electrical out- puts, and hence improved efficiency than the single unit one, as long as all the layers rotates at the same phase. The electrical outputs of the four-layered disk TENG, as structurally described in Figure 1, were measured by connecting the shaft to a spinning motor with a rotation speed of 10 rpm (Figure 3). The rotors were driven to make a relative rotation movement against the stators. At first, the Voc, short-circuit current density (Jsc), and Δs of each individual units (named as Unit 1–4, respectively) were measured separately. Figure S1 shows the measured results for all the four layers (the outputs from Unit 1 are shown in Figure 3a as typical results). It is observed that each layer of disk TENG provides the electric outputs on the same level: Voc of $400 V; Δs of $65 mC/m2, and Jsc of $0.5 mA/m2, with only a little variation. Thus, such a multi-layer integration can help the input rotation motion to enable effective electricity generation in these four layers. By connecting the layers in parallel, the obtained output from each layer can add up to give a multiplied output. As shown in Figure 3b, when two triboelectric units were connected, the transferred charge density was increase to 110 mC/m2 with an enhanced Jsc of 0.9 mA/m2, both of which are about twice of the one-layer results, while there is very little change on the Voc (427 V). If three units were integrated, the Δs and Jsc were triply enhanced to 169 mC/m2 and 1.2 mA/m2, respectively, and Voc still stayed comparable to that from an individual layer. After connecting all of the four units together, the Δs and Jsc were further scaled up and reached the highest values of 234 mC/m2 and 1.5 mA/ m2, respectively. At this time, the Voc only had a small increase to 470 V. From the above results, we can conclude that the multi-layered integration with parallel electric connection gives transferred charge density and short- circuit current density a good superposition relationship, while the open-circuit voltage will remain on the same level, which are in good agreement with the simulation results. Furthermore, based on the output enhance- ment trend from increased layers, we should be able to further improve the electrical outputs by integrating morePDF Image | Multi-layered disk triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting hydropower
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