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Harvesting hydropower 133 Figure 3 Electrical output of the disk TENG with different configurations under the rotation speed of 10 rpm. (a1–a4) The open- circuit voltage (Voc), (b1–b4) the transferred charges density (Δs), and (c1–c4) the short-circuit current density (Jsc) of the disk TENG with one, two, three, and four tribo-charged units. units into a whole device. Therefore, the multi-layered parallelly-connected structure is an effect and indispensa- ble method to achieve high electrical output, especially large current density. With the integration of four layers disk-TENG units, the electrical output of the device can reach a high level at an increased rotation speed of the rotors, since a larger rotation speed will lead to a faster tribo-charge transfer process, which increases the current density and thus the output power density. As shown in Figure 4a, when the rotation speed was set at 1000 rpm, the Jsc of the TENG reached 90.6 mA/m2, which is about 4 times as large as the previously-reported single-layered disk TENG [19]. To char- acterize the power output of the device, we also measured the Voc under the rotation speed of 1000 rpm. As shown in Figure 4b, the voltage remains the same value with that at low-speed condition (10 rpm), which implies that the indis- pensable intimate contact of the triboelectric surfaces during rotation is not affected by the high rotary speed. In practical applications, the energy harvester is usually con- nected to external loads with different resistances, so that we systematically studied the voltage and current outputs on a series of different resistances, from 100 Ω to 150 MΩ. As depicted in Figure 4c, the current density drops with the increase of the external resistance, while the voltage across the load shows a reversed tendency. Figure 4d illustrates the power density as a function of load resistance. The power density initially rises at a low resistance region and then declines significantly at a higher resistance region, showing a peak value of $5 W/m2 at $1 MΩ (Figure 4d). To investigate the relationship between the rotation speed and current output of the multi-layered device, we carried out a set of systematic measurements under different rotation speed condition. As illustrated in Figure S2, with the rotation speed being raised from 100 rpm to 1000 rpm, the Jsc gradually increased from 6.16 mA/m2 to 90.6 mA/m2. The variation tendency can be fit in a good linear relation- ship (Figure S3), indicating its potential application in self- powered active rotation speed sensor. The disk TENG is a promising structure to harvest different types of mechanical energies existing in the nature. Moreover, it has been demonstrated recently that this type of device can produce a larger output power and more advantages than a traditional electromagnetic induc- tion generator (EMIG) [25]. Therefore, the multi-layered disk TENG, which delivers a multiplied electrical output, may be an important alternative to traditional EMIG for power generation. In practical application, through the coaxial design in this work, the multi-layered disk TENG can be easily coupled with a turbine or a windmill. Then, irregular flow motions of fluid, such as water flow or wind, can be effectively transformed to rotary motion of the shaft and hence enable the electricity generation of the device. As an example, the nanogenerator was demonstrated as a practically applicable structure for harvesting the energy of water flow. Through connecting the shaft with a water turbine, the water flowing through the turbine can effec- tively drive the rotation of the disk TENG (Figure 5b). As shown in Figure 5a and Video S1, when the water flow that comes from an ordinary household faucet was turned on, the rotors of the multi-layered disk TENG were driven to spin against the stators. In this manner, the mechanicalPDF Image | Multi-layered disk triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting hydropower
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