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Harvesting hydropower 135 energy of the water flow was effectively converted into electricity, which is capable of instantaneously lighting up 100 commercial LEDs. Through a real-time measurement of the current signal (Figure 5c), the Jsc generated by the water flow can be as high as 20 mA/m2. From this demon- stration, the similar methodology can be expanded to the applications of harvesting energies from ocean wave and wind power, which will make the multi-layered TENG an effective approach to harvesting large-scale mechanical energies. Supplementary material related to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.03.015. Conclusions In summary, we demonstrated a new TENG structure by coaxially integrating multiple layers disk TENGs, which can harvest mechanical energy to drive the rotation motion of multiple layers disks and generate a multiplied electrical output. To realize an effective structural integration and output multiplication, we adopted the following two strategies. First, a D-shape shaft was used to realize the synchronized relative rotation of all the segmentally-structured disk layers so that the output from each layer can be perfectly added-up. In addition, to achieve intimate contact of the tribo-surfaces, light weight and low stiffness springs were adopted to fix the whole structure and provide a gentle pressing force. Through sys- tematical performance characterization, the power superposi- tion from every single layer of the multi-layered disk TENG was clearly demonstrated. With the above rational design, the nanogenerator, when operating at the rotation speed of 1000 rpm, can produces an open-circuit voltage up to $ 470 V and a short-circuit current density of 90.6 mA/m2, correspond- ing to an instantaneous maximum power density of 42.6 W/m2 (2.68 kW/m3) at a rotation speed of 1000 rpm. After combining the TENG with a water turbine, a water flow from a common household faucet can drive the device to generate high-output electricity, which is capable of instantaneously driving 100 commercial electronics (LEDs). Owing to the vast applicability of the disk-structured TENG and the effective power enhance- ment from the multi-layer integration, the multi-layered disk- TENG we demonstrated in this paper represents an important advance of TENGs toward practical application and shows great potential in hydroelectric power and wind power industries. Acknowledgments This work was supported by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (DE-FG02-07ER46394), the “thousands talents” program for pioneer researcher and his innovation team, China, and NSFC (No. 61174017). Yannan Xie thanks the support from the Chinese Scholars Council. References [1] Z.L. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 18 (2008) 3553–3567. [2] B. Oregan, M. Gratzel, Nature 353 (1991) 242–246. [3] B.Z. Tian, X.L. Zheng, T.J. Kempa, Y. Fang, N.F. Yu, G.H. Yu, J.L. Huang, C.M. Lieber, Nature 449 (2007) 885–889. [4] Z.L. Wang, J.H. Song, Science 312 (2006) 242–246. [5] X.D. Wang, J.H. Song, J. Liu, Z.L. Wang, Science 316 (2007) 102–105. [6] Y. Qin, X.D. Wang, Z.L. Wang, Nature 451 (2008) 809-U805. [7] F.R. Fan, Z.Q. Tian, Z.L. Wang, Nano Energy 1 (2012) 328–334. [8] G. Zhu, C.F. Pan, W.X. Guo, C.Y. Chen, Y.S. Zhou, R.M. Yu, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 12 (2012) 4960–4965. [9] B.A. Grzybowski, A. Winkleman, J.A. Wiles, Y. Brumer, G.M. Whitesides, Nat. Mater. 2 (2003) 241–245. [10] H.T. Baytekin, A.Z. Patashinski, M. Branicki, B. Baytekin, S. Soh, B.A. Grzybowski, Science 333 (2011) 308–312. [11] F.R. Fan, L. Lin, G. Zhu, W.Z. Wu, R. Zhang, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 12 (2012) 3109–3114. [12] Z.H. Lin, Y.N. Xie, Y. Yang, S.H. Wang, G. Zhu, Z.L. Wang, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 4554–4560. [13] Y.N. Xie, S.H. Wang, L. Lin, Q.S. Jing, Z.H. Lin, S.M. Niu, Z.Y. Wu, Z.L. Wang, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 7119–7125. [14] L. Lin, Y.N. Xie, S.H. Wang, W.Z. Wu, S.M. Niu, X.N. Wen, Z.L. Wang, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 8266–8274. [15] Z.L. Wang, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 9533–9557. [16] S.H. Wang, L. Lin, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 12 (2012) 6339–6346. [17] S.H. Wang, L. Lin, Y.N. Xie, Q.S. Jing, S.M. Niu, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 13 (2013) 2226–2233. [18] G. Zhu, J. Chen, Y. Liu, P. Bai, Y.S. Zhou, Q.S. Jing, C.F. Pan, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 13 (2013) 2282–2289. [19] L. Lin, S.H. Wang, Y.N. Xie, Q.S. Jing, S.M. Niu, Y.F. Hu, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 13 (2013) 2916–2923. [20] P. Bai, G. Zhu, Z.H. Lin, Q.S. Jing, J. Chen, G. Zhang, J. Ma, Z.L. Wang, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 3713–3719. [21] Y.G. Sun, Y.N. Xia, Science 13 (2002) 2176–2179. [22] A.F. Diaz, R.M. Felix-Navarro, J. Electrost. 62 (2004) 277–290. [23] S.M. Niu, Y. Liu, S.H. Wang, L. Lin, Y.S. Zhou, Y.F. Hu, Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 6184–6193. [24] S.M. Niu, S.H. Wang, L. Lin, Y. Liu, Y.S. Zhou, Y.F. Hu, Z.L. Wang, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 3576–3583. [25] C. Zhang, W. Tang, C.B. Han, F.R. Fan, Z.L. Wang, Adv. Mater. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400207. Yannan Xie is a Ph.D. candidate in Depart- ment of Physics at Xiamen University and also a visiting student in Zhong Lin Wang's group in School of Materials Science and Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. His research interests focus on nanomaterials synthesis, nanogenera- tors, self-powered systems, and optoelec- tronic devices. Sihong Wang is a Ph.D. candidate working as a graduate research assistant in School of Materials Science and Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Zhong Lin (Z.L.) Wang. He received his B.S.in Materials Science and Engineering from Tsinghua University, China in 2009. His doctoral research mainly focuses on nano- material-based mechanical energy harvesting and storage, self-powered systems, nano- generator-based sensors and piezotronics. Appendix A. Supporting information Supplementary data associated with this article can be found in the online version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.nanoen.2014.03.015.PDF Image | Multi-layered disk triboelectric nanogenerator for harvesting hydropower
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