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2.4 A wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerator 25 then enters the derived equation for charging. We compare this energy with adsorp- tion energy differences for adatoms on different surfaces found in the literature. The energies are of the same order, which makes the model reasonable. 2.4 A wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerator Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG:s) are used as efficient energy transducers in energy harvesting to replace the need for batteries for small electronic devices , or as sensors for different physical properties. One of our objectives was to demonstrate and describe low speed wind energy conversion using a wind-driven TENG. This will be described below. We made an experiment with a generator in a table-top- sized wind tunnel and tried to explain the observed frequency and voltage response at different wind speeds with a von Karman vortex model for the frequency and a capacitor model for the voltage. We have studied a triboelectric nanogenerator driven by air flow. The working principle is shown in in Figure 2.6. How should such a nanogenerator be designed and what will be its characteristics? Many designs of a wind generator are possible, the most straightforward idea is to use an ordinary wind turbine and just replace the electromagnetic generator with a triboelectric generator [27]. Some more elaborate designs are given by Yong et al.: They considered a dielectric ball rolling inside a vortex chamber with one tangential air inlet and a central air outlet, generating tri- boelectricity as the ball make contacts with the walls [40]. However, a triboelectric generator harvester can also be designed to include the turbine function in the gen- erator part itself, allowing a considerable simpler design. For example Bae et al. [41] studied a triboelectric generator in the form of a flag fluttering in the air stream close to an electrode. Wang et al. [42] made a wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerator device constituting of a two-sided clamped kapton film that was fluttering between two copper electrodes. They measured the frequency and voltage as a function of length, width and thickness of the fluttering film and as a function of the electrode distance, with emphasis on the generator part. We made a wind nanogenerator similar to that of Wang et al., however, we also made a detailed study of the fluid dynamics using a table-top sized wind tunnel, allowing measurements of the frequency and voltage response as a function of wind speed [Paper IV]. Our nanogenerator device, Figure 2.6, even simpler than the one reported by Wang et al., consisted of a two-sided clamped fluorinated ethylene- propylene (FEP) plastic ribbon placed between two parallel or two outwardly bent copper electrodes. At the start of the experiments, the FEP plastic ribbon is mildly stretched and then clamped at the ends 10 cm apart, see inset of Figure 2.7. However, because the clamping is not perfect and because the ribbon is elastic it can move a little. After a while the ribbon becomes relaxed and so becomes about 1 cm longer (i.e. 11 cm) between the clamps so that it can touch the electrodes when fluttering. This state is then stable generating a stable voltage signal. The device was placed in a table-top sized wind tunnel (Omega mini wind tunnel, model WTM- 1000) to let the air flow drive the FEP plastic film motion. The fluttering of the FEPPDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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