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Chapter 3 Discussion To increase the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for charged nanocon- tacts and in particular triboelectric phenomena we have investigated quantum-size effects, electric field induced adatom diffusion, and thermodynamics of triboelectric- ity. The quantum nature of the elastic force may be of importance as the dimensions become very small, or as thermal vibrational energy diminishes, or both. As two approaching surfaces come into contact, electromagnetic forces may cause redistri- bution of matter and charges at the nano level. A fundamental understanding of the electromagnetic forces between two surfaces in close proximity will give insight into important nanomechanics phenomena such as triboelectricity. The triboelectric effect can in turn be useful for energy conversion in triboelectric nanogenerators, in which mechanical vibrations are converted into electrical energy upon contact be- tween two surfaces. To address the question whether quantum-size effect on elastic forces is rele- vant in nanomechanics, we combined a one-dimensional jellium model and stan- dard beam theory allowing the spring constant of a vibrating nanowire cantilever to be calculated. By using the asymptotic energy eigenvalues of the standing electron waves over the nanometer sized cross section area, the change in the grand canoni- cal potential was calculated and hence the force and the spring constant. As the wire is bent more electron states fit in its cross section. This has an impact on the spring ”constant” which oscillates slightly with the bending of the wire. In this way an amplitude dependent resonance frequency of the oscillations is obtained. Because of the weak non-linearity, the resonance frequency becomes amplitude dependent. For certain geometries and temperatures this shift of resonance frequency should be detectable experimentally. Triboelectric systems, that are of special interest in this thesis, will however not have any important influence from quantum-size effects. There are almost certainly quantum-size effects in the individual nanocontacts in a metallic TENG during the final breaking of the nanocontacts, both quantized conductance and quantum-size influenced forces. Such observations have been reported in the literature for single contacts using STM [12] and AFM [11]. However, these effects will not be detectable 31PDF Image | Nanomechanics Quantum Size Effects, Contacts, and Triboelectricity
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