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“What is propulsion? The word is derived from two Latin words: pro meaning before or forwards and pellere meaning to drive. Propulsion means to push forward or drive an object forward. A propul- sion system is a machine that produces thrust to push an object forward. On airplanes and space- craft, thrust is generated through some application of Newton’s third law of action and reaction. A gas, or working fluid, is accelerated by the engine, and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the engine. The amount of thrust generated depends on the mass flow through the engine and the exit veloc- ity of the gas. Different propulsion systems generate thrust in slightly different ways. We will discuss sev- eral propulsion systems including the propeller, the turbine (or jet) engine, the ramjet and scramjet, and ion engines. Why are there different types of engines? If we think about Newton’s first law of motion, we real- ize that an airplane propulsion system must serve two purposes. First, the thrust from the propulsion system must balance the drag of the airplane when the airplane is cruising. And second, the thrust from the propulsion system must exceed the drag of the airplane for the airplane to accelerate. In fact, the greater the difference between the thrust and the drag, called the excess thrust, the faster the airplane will accelerate. Some aircraft, like airliners and cargo planes, spend most of their life in a cruise condition. For these airplanes, excess thrust is not as important as high engine efficiency and low fuel usage. Since thrust depends on both the amount of gas moved and the velocity, we can generate high thrust by accelerating a large mass of gas by a small amount, or by accelerating a small mass of gas by a large amount. Because of the aerodynamic efficiency of propellers and fans, it is more fuel efficient to accel- erate a large mass by a small amount. That is why we find high-bypass fans and turboprops on cargo planes and airliners. Some aircraft, like fighter planes or experimental high-speed aircraft require very high excess thrust to accelerate quickly and to overcome the high drag associated with high speeds. For these airplanes, engine efficiency is not as important as very high thrust. Military aircraft typically employ afterburn- ing turbojets to gain extra thrust for short periods of time.”* In this educator’s guide related topics such as pollution, air density, noise, gas laws, and Newton’s laws as related to aircraft engines will be examined. * From Benson, Tom: Beginner’s Guide to Propulsion http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/bgp.html. Accessed March 12, 2007. Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 3 INTRODUCTIONPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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