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TURBINE ENGINES By the middle of World War II, nearly every varia- tion of piston engines had been investigated. To get more power required more cylinders; this meant more cooling would be needed, and there was also a limit to the speed at which propellers could turn. As the tips approached the speed of sound, shock waves develop, which cause a loss of performance. Thus propellers had to actually be geared down as engine revolutions per minute (rpm) increased. Frank Whittle demonstrating the first jet engine. In 1928 a young Royal Air Force (RAF) cadet named Frank Whittle designed a gas turbine engine and took out a patent in 1930. No interest was shown in his ideas because strong enough metals had not yet been developed. By 1937 the alloys were available so Whittle renewed his patent and ground tested his engine. In 1941 it propelled a Gloster E28/39 fighter plane at over 400 mph. During this same time a young German engineer, Hans von Ohain, independently patented a gas turbine engine, and on August 27, 1939, it flew in a Heinkel He178 aircraft. Improvements were made, including attempts at turboprops. Turbine-powered planes (jet planes or turbojets) entered combat near the end of World War II, but they did not have much of an impact on the outcome of the war. After the war, development of turbine engines greatly accelerated since they had a much better power-to-weight ratio than piston engines and could run many more hours before maintenance. The first turboprop airline service began in 1948, and the first turbojet airline began in 1952 with the De Havilland Comet. In the 1950s Rolls-Royce introduced the first turbofan engine, the Conway, a low-bypass turbine with a ratio of 0.3:1.0, where 0.3 liters (L) of air went around (bypassed) the engine for every 1.0 L that went through the core for combustion. Today’s high-bypass engines will run up to a ratio of 17:1 for bypass air. ROCKET ENGINES During World War II, the Germans developed a rocket-propelled plane called a Komet. It was very fast but ineffective mainly due to high fuel consumption. After the war, the Bell Aircraft Company built the rocket-powered Bell X–1. Launched from a B–29 bomber at 23,000 ft, the “Glamorous Glynnis” piloted by Chuck Yeager reached a speed of Mach 1.06, or 1.06 times faster than the speed of sound. This broke the sound barrier for the first time. Bell X–1. In the 1960s the North American X–15, a rocket plane, became the first aircraft to go Mach 6 and fly above 100,000 ft. History of Aviation Propulsion Turbojet engine. X–15 rocket plane. 8PDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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