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TURBOFAN A turbofan is a modified version of a turbojet engine. Both share the same basic core of an inlet, compressor, burner, turbine, and nozzle, but the turbofan has an additional turbine to turn a large, many-bladed fan located at the front of the engine. This is called a “two-spool” engine. One spool is used to power the compressor and another spool to turn the large fan. Some of the air from this large fan enters the engine core where fuel is burned to provide some thrust, but up to 90 percent of it goes around or “bypasses” the core of the engine. As much as 75 per- Cutaway view of turbofan engine. cent of the total thrust of the engine comes from the bypass air. Although there is less energy added to this bypass air compared with that going through the core, by moving a very large amount of air the turbofan gets a large boost in thrust for very little additional fuel. It is thus a very fuel-efficient engine and good for cruising. Also, since the fan has many blades and the air is ducted, turbofans can operate faster and more effi- ciently than simple propeller aircraft. The pressure ratio of a 50-blade ducted fan may be 1.4 to 1.6 (i.e., the pressure is increased by a factor of 1.4 to 1.6), where- as a propeller may have a pressure ratio of only 1.02. This is why large passenger planes using turbofans are able to cruise at high subsonic speeds and still use fuel efficiently. Even jet fighters will often use low-bypass turbofan engines, where a smaller amount of air bypasses the core, so they can conserve fuel while in cruising mode. TURBOPROP This engine is a hybrid of a turbojet and a propel- ler engine. It has at its heart a turbojet core to produce power, but with two turbines. The first turbine powers the compressor while the second powers the propeller through a separate shaft and gear reduction. The gears are necessary to keep the propeller from going super- sonic and losing efficiency. Cutaway view of turboprop engine. Unlike a basic turbojet, the second turbine removes most of the remaining energy from the flow to power the propeller and less than 10 percent of actual thrust is produced by the core. Turboprops operate well in the low subsonic range, with much more power than a piston-driven propeller aircraft. This is why turbojets are used by long-range military cargo planes. Another version of the turboprop is the turbo- shaft engine. Instead of driving a propeller, the shaft is used to power such things as helicopters, tanks, train engines, and even race cars. Turbine Engines Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 17 TYPES OF ENGINESPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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