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Ion Engines In 1959, Dr. Harold Kaufman of the NASA Lewis (now Glenn) Research Center built the first ion pro- pulsion engine. This type of engine works by creating ions (charged particles) and then ejecting the ions at high speeds to push the space- craft forward. Dr. Harold Kaufman of up to 60,000 mph. Electrons are then injected into the positive beam so the engine does not build up a charge over time. Thrust T is equal to the product of the mass flow rate m• of the fluid and its velocity V: 2 T mV For ion engines, V is very large but m• is very, very small. Consequently, the thrust produced is very small, especially when compared to chemical rockets. On the space shuttle, the main engines, which are chemi- cal rockets, produce 5 million watts (W) of power; the NASA Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) ion thruster engine on the Deep Space 1 probe produces only 10,000 W of power. The accelerating force of an ion engine is about equal to the weight of 22 pennies. The advantage, however, is twofold. First, unlike chemical rockets, ion engines do not have to carry any oxidizer, only fuel. Eighty-two per- cent of the weight of the external tank on the space shuttle is liquid oxygen. Thus, ion engine systems are relatively lightweight and can carry more payload. Second, rather than applying thrust and accelerating for min- utes like a chemical rocket, the ion engine thrusts and acceler- ates for many months. This gen- tle push over an extended period of time can result in speeds of 200,000 mph. In comparison, chemical rockets can reach speeds of up to 25,000 mph. Ion engines are about 10 times more efficient, but the must operate over a long period of time to reach their operating potential. This means that they cannot be used to launch payloads from Earth, but once in space they can accelerate payloads. The electricity to oper- ate the cathode and charge the A cathode produces high-energy electrons, which, along with a propellant like xenon, are injected into a diffusion chamber. When these two collide, additional electrons are knocked off the xenon atoms, creating positively charged xenon ions. At the downstream end of the engine are two charged grids containing thou- sands of coaxial apertures, the first grid is positively charged and the second is negatively charged. The positive xenon ions in the discharge plasma have a higher voltage than the positive grid and there- fore are attracted to it. As they pass through this first grid they are highly accelerated by the attraction of the negative grid since opposite charges attract. The grid design sets up a potential gradient that focuses the xenon ions through the holes in the negative grid so they accelerate out the back of the engine at speeds Diagram of ion engine. Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 21 TYPES OF ENGINESPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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