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Perhaps the biggest dream in powered flight is to be able to obtain energy directly from the surround- ings and not have to carry the additional weight of fuel. An extreme example of this would be human-powered aircraft. The Gossamer Condor was the first success- Gossamer Albatross. ful aircraft of this type, flying 1.35 mi in 1977. Its suc- cessor, the Gossamer Albatross, crossed the English Channel in 1979 with the pilot generating one-third of a horsepower as he pedaled the aircraft. The current distance record for human-powered flight was set in Greece by the Daedalus Project aircraft, which flew 109 kilometers (km). Another “no fuel” approach is to use solar cells, which convert the energy of sunlight directly into elec- tricity. Since 1980, AeroVironment, Inc., in conjunction with NASA Dryden, has been developing this type of aircraft. Solar cells were placed on the top of the wings, and the electricity they generated powered electric motors that drove propellers on the lightweight craft. As part of NASA’s Environmental Research Aircraft and Sensor Technology (ERAST) program, the Solar Challenger reached an altitude of 14,300 ft in 1980. In 1981 with 16,128 solar cells on its wings, it flew 163 mi, crossing the English Channel in the process. By 1995 its successor, the Solar Pathfinder, had flown to an altitude of 50,500 ft, and in 1998 the modified Pathfinder-Plus set an altitude record of 80,201 ft for a propeller-driven aircraft. It had a wingspan of 121 ft and used newer solar cells that were 19 percent efficient as compared with a 14 percent efficiency on previous models. These newer solar cells developed 12,500 W of power. The latest model was Helios with 62,000 solar cells mounted on a 247-ft-long wing producing 35,000 W of power. This aircraft was designed for long-duration as well as high-altitude flights, meaning that some method of obtaining power at night was required. Since batter- ies would add too much weight to the aircraft, a sys- tem of fuel cells was used to generate electricity. One system used solar energy during the day to separate hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from water and then stored the gases under pressure. The gases would be recombined to make water in the fuel cell, which gener- ated the electricity to keep the electric motors running at night. The water was stored to be reused when the Sun came up, and the whole process repeated itself. Helios set an unofficial altitude record for nonrocket- powered aircraft of 98,863 ft in 2001. Unfortunately, in June of 2003, turbulent wind conditions caused the craft to begin to undulate out of control, and it crashed into the Pacific Ocean. Helios in flight. Solar aircraft suffer from the limitation of weight and weather. They cannot fly in high winds or bad weather and the power limitations of solar cells limit the overall weight of the airframe so that payloads are limited. As the efficiency of solar cells improve, this type of aircraft will become more viable. Alternative Means of Propulsion Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 23 TYPES OF ENGINESPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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