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INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES Students will • Recognize that gas volume and gas pressure are directly proportional • Evaluate energy available in different compounds • Recognize the need for oxygen in combustion NATIONAL SCIENCE CONTENT STANDARD B Chemical reactions • Chemical reactions may release or consume energy. Some reactions, such as burning fossil fuels, release large amounts of energy by giving off heat and emitting light. • In gases, molecules or atoms move almost independently of each other and are mostly far apart. INTRODUCTION Boyle’s law relates the changes in pressure and volume for an ideal gas when the temperature is held con- stant. In real piston and turbine engines the temperature does not remain constant, and Boyle’s law does not really apply. A much more complex relationship exists between pressure and volume in real engines. As a first approximation, however, assume that the temperature is constant in the problems below and apply Boyle’s law. For another example of how these are related, see the Web site below: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/compexp.html Example Problem: The Allison V-1710 was a water-cooled piston engine used during World War II. It was a 12-cylinder, 28.0-L engine with a compression ratio of 6.65:1 (i.e., the volume decreases by a factor of 6.65). If the atmospheric pressure is 760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), what is the maximum pressure in one cylinder due to piston compression? Solution: a. First find the maximum volume of just one cylinder. This would be the volume when the piston is at bottom dead center. 28.0 L = 2.33 L 12 cylinders cylinder b. Now use Boyle’s law. Since (Volume)(Pressure) = a where a is a constant, (Old Volume)(Old Pressure) = (New Volume)(New Pressure) Since the compression ratio is 6.65:1, the new volume will be 1/6.65 of the original volume: (V )(P ) = (V )(P ) (2.33 L)(760 mm) = 2.33 L x x = 5054 mm 11 22 6.65 Boyle’s Law Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 29 CHEMISTRYPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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