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it is the engine design, particularly how fuel is injected and burned, that plays a major role in reducing NOx production. The NASA Glenn Advanced Subsonic Combustion Rig shown below can simulate combus- tion conditions and give researchers valuable data on pollution production. Lasers that visualize fuel-air flow patterns and computer modeling help determine best designs for combustors. Advanced Subsonic Combustion Rig (ASCR). Higher temperatures in turbine engines reduce pollutants, but require new materials be developed to withstand the temperature increase. New ceramics matrix composites have been developed at Glenn that survived over 9000 hr at 2200 °F. Finally, one source of pollution in general aviation is the fuel, called 100LL, used in piston-engine aircraft. In order to boost the octane rating of this fuel, tetra- ethyl lead is added at a level of 2 g per U.S. gallon. Leaded gasoline for automobiles was banned in the 1980s, but continues to be used in aircraft. NASA’s General Aviation Program has developed several engines that would help in this area. NASA Glenn has partnered with several com- panies to produce a lightweight diesel (2-stroke) engine with a low-speed propeller that runs on jet fuel; it would get 25 percent lower fuel consump- tion than current engines, run quieter and vibration free, and could also be manufactured for half the cost of piston engines. Williams Interna- Diesel engine that runs on jet fuel. tional also developed the FJX–2 turbofan engine that is environmentally friendly and low cost, weighs 85 to 100 lb, and yet produces 700 lb of thrust. Although neither of these companies produces these engines, Thielert GmbH of Germany is flying diesels and Pratt & Whitney is flying a new turbine engine for the Very Light Jet market. Since both types of engines use (unlead- ed) jet fuel instead of 100LL, they would reduce lead pollution. Pollution 40 ASCR cutaway view.PDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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