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Rocket Activity 7. Students can weigh bottles, time flights, measure distances traveled down the line, or determine altitudes on a vertical launch. (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/TRC/Rockets/altitude_tracking.html) 8. Whether vertically or horizontally, have students do a second launch with the same bottle simply by adding more alcohol. Ask them to explain the results. DISCUSSION The reaction that takes place within the bottle is between the isopropyl alcohol and oxygen and is very exothermic: 2 C3H7OH + 9 O2 → 6 CO2 + 8 H2O + heat The amount of heat involved can be found by application of Hess’ Law: ΔH = Σ ΔHof products – Σ ΔHof reactants For the reaction above, the standard heats of formation are ΔHof of isopropyl alcohol ΔHof of oxygen ΔHof of carbon dioxide ΔHof of water To calculate the heat of reaction, = –272.8 kJ/mol = 0.0 kJ/mol = –393.5 kJ/mol = –285.8 kJ/mol 6(−393.5)+ 8(−285.8) − 2(−272.8)+ 9(0.0) = −4101.8 kJ 2 mol C3H7OH The inside of the 2-liter bottle is saturated with isopropyl alcohol vapor. This is mixed with air (20 percent oxygen), so the reaction is between gases and thus is very fast. The pressure and volume of the gases produced increase greatly with the heat of reaction, and the gases are forced out the nozzle, creating thrust and launching the bottle according to Newton’s Third Law. Once the bottle has been launched, a second try fails to do much since most of the oxygen was used up in the first launch. You might want to have students suggest what they would have to do to make a successful second launch using the same bottle. If the bottle is tried without the lid, the thrust produced is expended very quickly out the larger opening. Since power is the rate at which the energy change is taking place, this rocket has less power than one with a small hole in the lid where the gas is expelled over a longer period of time. This is a good demonstration of Newton’s first law, attempting to overcome inertia. Students might suggest using a hole smaller than 3/8 inches diameter, but too much restriction would allow pressure to build up inside the bottle that could be dangerous and split the bottle. Pushing the Envelope: A NASA Guide to Engines 75 ROCKET ACTIVITYPDF Image | NASA Guide to Engines
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