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Triboelectricity 635 (a) –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 (b) –3 –2 –1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Experimental Materials Redistilled solvents and Milli-QTM water (.18 MO cm) were used for substrate cleaning. Samples of PTFE (McMaster-Carr, part no. 8545K26), PDMS (McMaster-Carr, part no. 87315K65), PVC (McMaster-Carr, part no. 87545K521), PMMA (McMaster- Carr, part no. 8536K141), nylon (nylon-66, RS Components Australia, part no. 514–607), and glass (microscope slides from Qorpak!) were cut to sheets 2 2 cm and were ,0.3 cm thick. Solid CO2 was purchased from BOC Australia. Methods Prior to being tribocharged, polymers were washed with water, methanol, and dichloromethane and then dried under a flow of nitrogen gas. The charge on the polymer was measured using a Faraday cup connected to an electrometer (JCI 140 static monitor and JCI 147 charge measurement units) operating on the 109-C scale. Charging data are reported as charge-to- geometric area ratios. A solid timber wedge was used to hold the plastic (nylon, PMMA, PVC, PTFE, and PDMS) and glass sheets at 308 from the horizontal. A small sample of dry ice (generally 3.5 g, rod-shaped) was rubbed against the inclined plane made by the plastic and glass samples by letting it slide, assisted by gravity, from the top to the bottom of the inclined plane (Fig. 1a). This operation of contacting and then separating the dry ice sample from the dielectric sheet was repeated a number of times. After the last contact–separation cycle, the plastic or glass sample was transferred to the Faraday pail to measure the magnitude and sign of its tribocharging. The number of contact–separation cycles (with one cycle defined as one slide down the tilted plane) was varied between 1 and 50 and the time that elapsed between the last cycle and the charge measurement was generally between 3 and 5 s. Experiments and charge measurements under an argon atmosphere were con- ducted using a glove box (Innovative Technology, PL-HE-2GB with PL-HE-GP1 inert gas purifier) with water and oxygen levels of less than 1 ppm. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by grants from the Australian Research Council (DP190100735 and DE160100732 (S.C.)). References [1] R. G. Horn, D. Smith, A. Grabbe, Nature 1993, 366, 442. doi:10.1038/ 366442A0 [2] J. W. Weigl, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1977, 16, 374. doi:10.1002/ ANIE.197703741 [3] A. G. Bailey, J. Electrost. 1998, 45, 85. doi:10.1016/S0304- 3886(98)00049-7 [4] A. Tilmatine, S. Bendimerad, M. Younes, L. Dascalescu, Int. J. Sus- tain. Eng. 2009, 2, 184. doi:10.1080/19397030903134532 [5] S. Wang, L. Lin, Z. L. Wang, Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 6339. doi:10.1021/ NL303573D [6] (a) N. Gibson, J. Electrost. 1997, 40–41, 21. doi:10.1016/S0304- 3886(97)00010-7 (b) M. Glor, J. Electrost. 1985, 16, 175. doi:10.1016/0304- 3886(85)90041-5 (c) M. Glor, Powder Technol. 2003, 135–136, 223. doi:10.1016/ J.POWTEC.2003.08.017 (c) In Air In Ar Time [s] PDMS PTFE PVC 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Time [s] 100 80 60 40 20 0 Fig. 3. PDMS PTFE PVC Decay in (a) air, and (b) argon of the static charge (Faraday pail measurements) of tribocharged PDMS, PTFE, and PVC samples charged against CO2. In air, ,85, 91, and 96% of the samples’ tribocharge has dissipated after 20 s. For the experiment in argon, the decay of charge is slower and these samples lose ,34, 52, and 90 % of their net charge over the same time. The faster charge decay in air is probably due to reaction with water molecules adsorbed on the polymer surface. For PVC samples, the decay is more rapid than PTFE and PDMS both in air and argon; the faster charge decay in PVC is ascribed to its lower work function and larger electron affinity.[18] contact electrification between CO2 and polymers is not just material-dependent, but also dependent on the environment: in an atmosphere of high dielectric strength, the density of surface charges generated upon contact is maximized. This work extends our growing understanding of static electricity and it may guide the development of experimental platforms for the study of how charged groups can influence chemical bonding and reactivity, an area that is beginning to attract significant interest in chemical catalysis.[21] Charge decay [%] Charge density [nC cm–2] Charge density [nC cm–2]PDF Image | Position of Solid Carbon Dioxide in the Triboelectric Series
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