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Power Electronics and Wind Power GERTMAR Lars Ms. Bergek was awarded an energy-related, pecuniary prize, the Engström Energy Prize in 2002. Her work increases the understanding of the mechanisms inducing and blocking capital goods industry development and the diffusion of renewable energy technology: “Four major observations can be made: (1) The Swedish capital goods industry has, so far, not been particularly successful in exploiting the opportunities and has not been able to shape the local innovation system to allow for the rapid diffusion of renewable energy technology in Sweden (with the possible exception of bioenergy). (2) Industry development and technology diffusion are dependent on the innovation system as a whole, and policy and strategy should, therefore, not be limited to the individual parts of the system. (3) A key objective in attending to the system as a whole should be to set self-sustaining virtuous circles in motion. (4) With respect to this, key issues for policy and strategy are to reduce uncertainty, increase the new technologies’ legitimacy and stimulate market formation.” Electrical energy certificates dealing with electricity from “new renewables” were recently introduced in Sweden, in the Netherlands, etc. Certificates could be seen as a type of market stimulation for installations but will hardly support a new wind turbine manufacturer in a specific country, e.g., in SE, NL,... Technology is mature what regards newcomers into business of making complete turbines. Another perspective was recently (2002) published, also in Sweden, by Engström [6], a former governmental wind power research leader, nowadays an industrialist affiliated with Nordic Wind Power, Stockholm-Täby. Both his activities are thus within wind power R&D&D with experience from mid 1970s and on. His paper was published for a Swedish audience but some parts are well worth to quote (and translate) for those who do not read Swedish: ”The basic concept of wind turbines for electrical power production was not changed since the beginning of 1900s. One uses wind turbine rotors with horizontal shaft, two or three blades, high efficiency and low solidity (ca 3 %)” ”The first attempts in the 1970s to establish megawatt-range wind turbines were all commercial failures but in some cases a technical success like the Swedish-American Maglarp rated 3 MW. ... A restart from tens of kilowatts took place. All Danish manufacturers emanates from manufacturing agricultural equipment.” ”The most characteristic trend of wind power business is that the nominal ratings grow with 25 % per year since more than 20 years. This up-scaling is not without problems, as weight & cost grow more than power which grows as [length]2 while weight grows as [length]3.” ”Wind turbines rated 10 MW (turbine rotor diameter 150 m) are under discussion. ... the end ...” ”Adjustable-speed wind turbines were originally introduced to increase the energy yield. ... Losses in power electronics consume the increase. ... Adjustable-speed is nowadays used to cope with gusts and to damp torsion oscillations in turbine’s shaft and gearbox. A 3rd demand is controllability.” The author of this keynote paper knows that 15 to 20 MW turbines for installations offshore are discussed as EU R&D projects. This calls for more mechanical consideration in this introductive part of the paper and will be continued in next chapter. Mechanical layouts are described in a comprehensive textbook written by Hau [7]. A very early paper on optimal selection of gearboxes was written by Thörnblad [8] in 1978 in the first MW-era. It is still well worth to quote two main findings in his work on 2.5 MW turbines although major parts of Thörnblad’s paper are reproduced in Hau’s book [7]. Quotes from the paper not explicitly found in the book read: ” 3-stage planetary gear / 1 alternator branch is the optimal gearbox from weight and cost” ”... coaxial arrangement of the whole system turbine–rotor–gear–alternator ... has its advantages, as it gives a fully symmetric weight distribution of the heavy components in the nacelle.” Almost all gearless turbines are heavier than the geared for same ratings. Electrical machines as well as gearboxes are basically dimensioned by rated torque. This means that weight grows at least as EPE 2003 - Toulouse ISBN : 90-75815-07-7 P.5PDF Image | Power Electronics and Wind Power
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