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Power Electronics and Wind Power GERTMAR Lars Dr. W. Woyke, E.ON Energie AG, Neue Technologien, regenerative Energieumwandlung, IERE (International Electric Research Exchange), Zürich, June 12, 2002, ”Up to now large scale power plants feed into the electrical grid with base-load and peak-load power in a manner which is working in a stable status since several decades. Due to liberalization of electricity market and public support of regenerative and combined heat and power generation (CHP) the amount of uncontrollable power generation is increasing dramatically. Further on there is a clear trend to distributed generation units to feed into the 400 V grid, which results in new effects in the 400 V grid and new issues of grid control systems. New structures of energy management especially concerning distributed generation have to be developed within the next years to hold the usual high level of availability and quality in electrical power supply.” The transition to utilise electric power generation based on renewables started obviously in Germany. Eltra has distributed power generation (partly owned by Elsam, Fig. 12) in its grid on Jutland and Funen. Eltra issued Specifications for Connecting Wind Farms to the Transmission Network [31]: ”In connection with the preparations for the future large offshore wind farms specifications have been worked out for such offshore wind farms. These specifications are a counterpart to the power station specifications for land-based plant - except wind turbines. The most important new requirement is that the offshore wind farms - like other major production plants - should not lose stability or trip at short-circuits in the network disconnected by the primary network protection. Said in a popular way, the turbines must be able to survive a short dead time (~100 milliseconds) and resume production when the fault has been disconnected and the voltage starts to return. The above-mentioned wishes result in requirements on the regulation ability of the wind farm that the farm should be able to reduce its production from full load to a level between 0 and 20 per cent in a few seconds.” The so-called wind turbine ride-through demand is apparent also in several other grids, e.g., as an E.ON demand, and has roots 30 years back in Nordel’s (issued mid 1970s) and others’ demands on large power plants. Power generation based on renewables started obviously in Denmark, too. Thomas A. Wind, a US consultant, is technical advisor within ISEP, Iowa Stored Energy Plant, a project, which aims to combine wind and Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES). It is a 200 MW power plant. Air is compressed and then stored 1200 feet below ground in a 50 feet thick underground aquifer. When power is needed, the high pressure air is heated with natural gas and released through a special combustion turbine. It comprises an 85 MW wind farm. They are operated together to become a fully dispatchable 200 MW intermediate load power plant. It is proposed by municipal utilities in Iowa for completion in 2007. Its basic design is a CAES Power Plant. It takes 0.83 kWh of off-peak power plus 4,300 BTU of natural gas as input energy at this site to produce 1 kWh of output power on peak. It is integrating wind power generation to fungible power via CAES. At night, wind generation would be supplemented with off-peak energy purchases from the grid to compress air to 500 psi for storage in the underground aquifer 1200 feet below ground level. During the daytime, the compressed air will be released and heated to 1600oF for the power turbine to generate power. Any wind generation during the daytime would be used to Supplement the CAES generator output. The result is that the CAES generator converts off-peak purchases and wind energy into more valuable on-peak firm power. Because the plant will generate about half of the time, it will be an intermediate load power plant. Construction cost for the 200 MW CAES plant will be about $126 million and about $77 million for the wind farm. Total cost will be about $200 million, or $1,000 per firm kW. Marginal energy cost will be about 2.4 ¢ per kWh, based on $4.00 / MMBTU natural gas prices and $15 / MWh off peak energy purchases. Wind generation counted at zero fuel cost. “All-In” delivered cost of power will be about 4.5 ¢ per kWh at 50% capacity factor. There will be additional value from the sale of ancillary services, scheduling flexibility, and green tags, which will reduce the net costs shown above. EPE 2003 - Toulouse ISBN : 90-75815-07-7 P.20PDF Image | Power Electronics and Wind Power
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