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Wind power Grid Large PE Rotor Gearbox (optional) Power transmission Generator Power conversion Power converter (optional) Power conversion & power control Supply grid Power transmission Power conversion & power control I n p u t T r a n s m is s io n Machine type R o to r Stator Large PE connection converter converter Fig. 4. Converting wind power to electrical power in a wind turbine [17 ]. D ir e c t Multipolar Synchronous & Novel Machines Conventional Synchronous Machines Cage Rotor M/C W ound Large PE converter Electrical Energy Source Fixed Frequency or DC G e a r b o x Induction Machines Wound Rotor or Brushless DF W ound Heat loss dump load Power conversion Small PE converter Wound Rotor (field control) W ound Permanent Magnet W ound O u tp u t Wind turbines capture the power from the wind by means of aerodynamically designed blades and convert it to rotating mechanical power. The number of blades is normally three. As the blade tip-speed typically should be lower than half the speed of sound the rotational speed will decrease as the radius of the blade increases. For multi-MW wind turbines the rotational speed will be 10-15 rpm. The most weight efficient way to convert the low-speed, high-torque power to electrical power is using a gear-box and a standard fixed speed generator as illustrated in Fig. 4. The gear-box is optional as multi-pole generator systems are possible solutions. Between the grid and the generator a power converter can be inserted. The possible technical solutions are many and Fig. 5 shows a technological roadmap starting with wind energy/power and converting the mechanical power into electrical power. It involves solutions with and without gearbox as well as solutions with or without power electronic conversion. The electrical output can either be Wind Energy Mechanical Energy Source Mechanical Energy Source Fixed/Variable Speed Variable Speed Fig. 5. Road-map for wind energy conversion. PE: Power Electronics. DF: Doubly-fed [15], [22]. III. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION ac or dc. In the last case a power converter will be used as interface to the grid. In the following sections, some different wind turbine configurations will be presented and compared. IV. FIXED SPEED WIND TURBINES The development in wind turbine systems has been steady for the last 25 years and four to five generations of wind turbines exist. It is now proven technology. The conversion of wind power to mechanical power is as mentioned before done aerodynamically. It is important to be able to control and limit the converted mechanical power at higher wind speed, as the power in the wind is a cube of the wind speed. The power limitation may be done either by stall control (the blade position is fixed but stall of the wind appears along the blade at higher wind speed), active stall (the blade angle is adjusted in order to create stall along the blades) or pitch control (the blades are turned out of the wind at higher wind speed). The wind turbines technology can basically be divided into three categories: the first category is systems without power electronics, the second category is wind Electrical Power C o n s C u mo n e s r u / l m o e a r dPDF Image | Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems
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