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turbines with partially rated power electronics (small PE converter in Fig. 5) and the last is the full-scale power electronic interfaced wind turbine systems (large PE converter in Fig. 5). Fig. 6 shows different topologies for the first category of wind turbines where the wind turbine speed is fixed. but they are not able very fast (within a few ms) to control the active power. Furthermore wind-gusts may cause torque pulsations in the drive-drain and load the gear-box significantly. The basic power characteristics of the three different fixed speed concepts are shown in Fig. 7 where the power is limited aerodynamically. I Pitch II Stall III Active Stall Power [PU] 1 0.75 0.50 0.25 Power [PU] 1 0.75 0.50 0.25 Stall control P Gear- box Induction generator (a) Induction generator Reactive compensator (b) Induction generator Reactive compensator (c) Grid Grid Grid Gear- box Gear Power [PU] 1 0.75 0.50 0.25 Fig. 7. Power characteristics of fixed speed wind turbines. a) Stall control b) Active stall control c) Pitch control Fig. 7 shows that by rotating the blades either by pitch or active stall control it is possible precise to limit the power while the measured power for the stall controlled turbine shows a small overshoot. This depends a lot on the final aerodynamic design. V. VARIABLE SPEED WIND TURBINES The next category is wind turbines with partially rated power converters and by that improved control performance can be obtained. Fig. 8 shows two such solutions. Reactive compensator 511223 0Vindh5astighe0d 5 0 Fig. 6. Wind turbine systems without power converter but with aerodynamic power control. 511223 05050 c) a) b) Pitch controlled (System I) Stall controlled (System II) Active stall controlled (System III) Wind speed [m/s] (c) The wind turbine systems in Fig. 6 are using induction generators, which almost independent of torque variation operate at a fixed speed (variation of 1-2%). The power is limited aerodynamically either by stall, active stall or by pitch control. All three systems are using a soft-starter (not shown in Fig. 6) in order to reduce the inrush current and thereby limit flicker problems on the grid. They also need a reactive power compensator to reduce (almost eliminate) the reactive power demand from the turbine generators to the grid. It is usually done by continuously switching capacitor banks following the production variation (5-25 steps). Those solutions are attractive due to cost and reliability Wind speed [m/s] 3 511223 0 05050 [m/s] (a) Active Stall control Wind speed [m/s] (b) PitchPDF Image | Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems
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