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V Pitch (a) Doubly-fed induction generator AC DC Pref Qref Grid extra control freedom is obtained at higher wind speeds in order to keep the output power fixed. This solution still needs a softstarter and a reactive power compensator, which is in continuous operation. A second solution of using a medium scale power converter with a wounded rotor induction generator is shown in Fig. 8b. Slip-rings are making the electrical connection to the rotor. A power converter controls the rotor currents. If the generator is running super-synchronously electrical power is delivered through both the rotor and the stator. If the generator is running sub-synchronously electrical power is only delivered into the rotor from the grid. A speed variation of ±30 % around synchronous speed can be obtained by the use of a power converter of 30 % of nominal power. Furthermore, it is possible to control both active (Pref) and reactive power (Qref), which gives a better grid performance, and the power electronics is enabling the wind turbine to act as a more dynamic power source to the grid. The last solution needs neither a soft-starter nor a reactive power compensator. The solution is naturally a little bit more expensive compared to the classical solutions shown before in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8a. However, it is possible to save money on the safety margin of gear, reactive power compensation units as well it is possible to capture more energy from the wind. The third category is wind turbines with a full-scale power converter between the generator and grid, which are the ultimate solutions technically. It gives extra losses in the power conversion but it may be gained by the added technical performance. Fig. 9 shows four possible, but not exhaustive, solutions with full-scale power converters. Gear- box DC AC (b) Fig. 8. Wind turbine topologies with partially rated power electronics and limited speed range. b) a) Rotor-resistance converter (System IV) Doubly-fed induction generator (System V) Fig. 8 shows a wind turbine system where the generator is an induction generator with a wounded rotor. An extra resistance is added in the rotor, which can be controlled by power electronics. This is a dynamic slip controller and it gives typically a speed range of 2 - 5 %. The power converter for the rotor resistance control is for low voltage but high currents. At the same time an System Variable speed Control active power Control reactive power Short circuit (fault-active) Short circuit power Control bandwidth Standby function Flicker (sensitive) Softstarter needed Rolling capacity on grid Reactive compensator (C) Island operation Investment Maintenance System comparison of wind turbines I II III IV V VI VII VIII Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes IX Yes Yes Yes Yes limit 0.5-1 ms Yes ++ No No No No Limite No Limite Limite ddd Yes Yes Yes No/Ye s contribute 1 ms Yes + Yes Yes Yes Yes limit 0.5-1 ms Yes ++ No No No No contribute contribute 1-10 s 1-10 No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes, No partly Yes Yes No No ++ ++ ++ ++ s No No contribute 1-10 s No No No contribute 100 ms No limit 0.5-1 ms Yes ++ limit 0.5-1 ms Yes ++ Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes, Yes, Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes partly partly Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes/N Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes o ++ ++ + 0 0 0 0 ++ ++ 0 + + + +PDF Image | Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems
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