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rectifier and a boost converter are used in order to boost the voltage at low speed. The system is industrially used today. It is possible to control the active power from the generator. The topology is shown in Fig. 11b. A grid inverter is interfacing the dc-link to the grid. Here it is also possible to control the reactive power to the grid. Common for both systems are they are able to control reactive to control the reactive power to the grid. Common for both systems are they are able to control reactive and active power very fast and thereby the turbine can take part in the power system control. VII. OFFSHORE WIND FARM TOPOLOGIES In many countries energy planning is going on with a high penetration of wind energy, which will be covered by large offshore wind farms. These wind farms may in the future present a significant power contribution to the national grid, and therefore, play an important role on the power quality and the control of power systems. Consequently, very high technical demands are expected to be met by these generation units, such as to perform frequency and voltage control, regulation of active and reactive power, quick responses under power system transient and dynamic situations, for example, to reduce the power from the nominal power to 20 % power within 2 seconds. The power electronic technology is again an important part in both the system configurations and the control of the offshore wind farms in order to fulfill the future demands. One off-shore wind farm equipped with power electronic converters can perform both real and reactive power control and also operate the wind turbines in variable speed to maximize the energy captured as well as reduce the mechanical stress and noise. This solution is shown in Fig. 12a and it is in operation in Denmark as a 160 MW off-shore wind power station. For long distance transmission of power from off-shore wind farm, HVDC may be an interesting option. In an HVDC transmission, the low or medium AC voltage at the wind farm is converted into a high dc voltage on the transmission side and the dc power is transferred to the onshore system where the dc voltage is converted back into ac voltage as shown in Fig. 12c. For certain power level, an HVDC transmission system, based on voltage source converter technology, may be used in such a system instead of the conventional thyristor based HVDC technology. The topology may even be able to vary the speed on the wind turbines in the complete wind farm. Another possible dc transmission system configuration is shown in Fig. 12d, where each wind turbine has its own power electronic converter, so it is possible to operate each wind turbine at an individual optimal speed. A comparison of the topologies is given in Table III. Park A Pitch Gear- box Pitch Park B Doubly -fed induction generator AC DC Pref Qref AC DC ac-grid On-shore Gear- box Pref Qref • • • (a) ac-grid On-shore Reactive compen- sator ASVC/STATCOM (b) Induction generator Gear- box Gear- box Pitch/ active stall Park D Gear- box Gear- box • • Gear- box Gear- box • • • • Pitch / active stall Park C Induction generator Induction generator dc-grid dc-grid On-shore Pref Qref (c) On-shore Qref (d) a) b) c) d) Fig. 12. Wind farm solutions. Doubly-fed induction generator system with ac-grid (System A) Induction generator with ac-grid (System B) Speed controlled induction generator with common dc-bus and control of active and reactive power (System C) Speed controlled induction generator with common ac-grid and dc transmission (System D) Pitch P1 P2 DC AC DC AC AC DC DC AC AC DC DC AC AC DCPDF Image | Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems
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