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Energies 2020, 13, 1374 6 of 20 h = 50 mm. At the same time, this value is compatible with the overall model dimensions. Afterwards, during the test campaign, the actuator demonstrated a very good authority and was tested also at higher freestream speeds, showing significant control capabilities on the flow up to U∞ = 35 m/s. Thanks to these results, the spanwise tests were performed at the intermediate velocity of U∞ = 30 m/s, at which the TC ≥ TR constraint is only approximately satisfied but the Reynolds number reaches the value Re = 600 k, closer to the ones of aeronautical interest. To summarize the electrode design procedure, the availability of a 40 kVpp power supply led to the geometry visible in flat form in Figure 5, where d = 36 mm, h = 50 mm, and w = 10 mm. With 22 tips, the overall electrode span is S = 756 mm, tip-to-tip. This electrode was applied on the external surface of the C-Shaped PMMA sheet, as shown in Figure 6, and a 800 × 60 mm ground electrode was applied on the inner surface. Both of them are manufactured from a 125 μm thick aluminium foil. M @ D Tips Line Discharge Leading Edge = Roots Line Exposed Electrode C-shape Insert Ground Electrode IF= Figure 5. Exposed electrode geometry. Figure 6. Section of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator, assembled on the airfoil and seen from below of Figure 2: The discharge is sketched as a color band around the contour of the exposed electrode. At maximum voltage, the discharge fills almost completely the spaces between tips. The DBD can be operated in steady mode by supplying a sinusoidal waveform or in pulsed mode by supplying repetitive wavetrains (a sinusoidal carrier modulated by a square wave). Before being mounted in the test section, the assembled model was tested at bench to determine the actuator power requirements. The supply chain is composed by a signal generator, a precision potentiometer, an amplifier, and a transformer. The last element has been specifically designed for this application to generate a maximum output voltage of 14.12 kVe f f corresponding to 40 kVpp and to manage a power of 250 W. The measures at the bench were performed to determine the power requirements at the worst conditions, i.e., with steady actuation (carrier frequency f without modulation). The dependence of power on the carrier frequency f has been determined while keeping a fixed voltage in order to choose an input signal that optimizes the actuator performance keeping at the same time safe conditions for the instruments. With 40 kVpp, a progressive increase of the frequency led to measure a power of 195 W on the primary winding at f = 650 Hz. This power, close to 80% of the allowed maximum, was considered safe for the supply chain and then was fixed for the wind tunnel tests. Under these conditions, the power actually fed to the actuator was measured on the secondary winding side, giving 167 W. This corresponds to a transformer efficiency of 0.86 that turned out to be nearly constant over the range 300 to 650 Hz.PDF Image | Stall Control by Plasma Actuators: Characterization along the Airfoil Span
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