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Early Attempts The open rotor is actually not a new concept. In the 1980s when fuel prices rose dramatically both of the leading American engine manufacturers experimented with open rotor engines. General Electric’s open rotor engine was developed as part of a NASA funded demonstrator programme that aimed to develop more fuel efficient engines. Termed the Unducted Fan (UDF), the GE36 engine was based on the core of an existing engine, the F404 that powered the McDonnell-Douglas F-18 Hornet fighter, and featured two rows of eight contra-rotating scimitar-like rotor blades 12 feet in diameter, mounted on the outside of the engine in a ‘pusher’ configuration.. Each individual blade was about five feet in length and made of carbon fibre composite, making them both extremely light and strong (Garvin, 1998). Unveiled at the Paris Air Show in 1985 (Sweetman, 2005), the GE36 engine offered enormous potential but presented equally large risks. It flew for the first time a year later in 1986 and caused a stir when a McDonnell-Douglas MD-80 airliner powered by the revolutionary engine was flown in front of the crowds at the Farnborough Air Show in 19882. It demonstrated outstanding fuel efficiency. However noise levels were problematic. Similarly there were safety issues over the danger of blades breaking free and damaging the fuselage. Despite this, Boeing announced plans to develop a new airliner, the Boeing 7J7 powered by the revolutionary new engine. By then the price of oil had fallen back significantly and airlines were lukewarm about the scale of the investment they would have to make in the new technology. Instead they preferred a much improved conventional turbofan, the CFM 56 developed jointly by General Electric and Snecma,,and as sales of this engine took off, the UDF engine was quietly dropped, although the carbon fibre blades were utilized in the GE90 engine that went on to power the Boeing 777. SAGE’s contra-rotating open rotor (CROR) engine Thirty years ago aviation emissions really weren’t an issue. However today with growing urgency regarding climate change and especially predictions about the future growth of commercial aviation, things have changed dramatically. Engine designers are now looking again at the possibilities offered by the concept of an open rotor engine in terms of delivering a 8PDF Image | Sustainable and Green Engine (SAGE) Aircraft Engine of the Future
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