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demonstrator programme, where the European Union is putting up much of the money to enable a commercial enterprise, in this case the French engine manufacturer Snecma, to build a prototype open rotor engine. The value of this is that manufacturers can then trial new technologies, test their feasibility and collect valuable performance data through extensive testing of the prototype. At the same time technology demonstrators provide a valuable opportunity to showcase the new technology especially for potential customers, who in this case include both the airlines and the travelling public. They can then hopefully be convinced of the value of this green innovation. Students need to appreciate that building a prototype aero engine is enormously expensive, which is why bodies like the EU fund this kind of activity. Similarly niche markets can be a very effective way of introducing an innovation. A good example is the construction equipment manufacturer JCB, where they initially sold the first hydraulic excavators not to existing users of cable operated excavators such as mining companies, but to house builders and utility companies, who had always dug trenches by hand in the past. The latter were a specific group (i.e. niche) that valued the flexibility and mobility of the new hydraulic excavators whereas existing customers did not. So too with propfan engines using open rotors where the market niche is short haul aircraft where the gain will be greatest. Concluding remarks The SAGE 2 project is on-going. By mid-2016 Snecma was reporting that most of the manufacturing of the technology demonstrator had been carried out and it, along with its partners was at the engine assembly stage. Ground testing of the engine was due to start towards the end of 2016. Flight testing on an Airbus A340 isn’t due to start until 2019. A key feature of ground testing will be validating the mechanical integrity of the powerplant and identifying potential applications (i.e. the types of aircraft for which it would be suitable). Open rotor engines are expected to enter commercial service by 2030-35, but this will be dependent on the development of an all-new airframe which according to Henrick Runnemalm, director of advanced engineering at GKN Aerospace (Reals, 2016), is likely to be a smaller, short range regional airliner. It will also be dependent on oil prices rising from their current low levels and persuading airline managers that passengers will accept a return to aircraft with propellers – albeit of a very different design! 21PDF Image | Sustainable and Green Engine (SAGE) Aircraft Engine of the Future
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