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3.0 Aircraft Emissions Background 3.1 Local Air Quality For the past 30 years, most of the emissions focus for aircraft engines has been on reduction of NOx emissions at low altitude, in the vicinity of the airport. 1 The effects of low altitude aircraft engine emissions on US air quality have been described in detail by Ratliff et al. 2 The problem results in significant yearly health cost. 3 A recent global atmospheric modeling study 4 indicates that the health impact of NOx emitted at high altitude climb and cruise conditions may be several times greater than the impact of low altitude emissions. This is not totally unexpected because approximately 90% or aircraft NOx emissions are at altitudes above 3000 feet. The study indicates that much of the NOx emitted at high altitude is transported to ground level via subsiding air masses, where it adds to formation of ozone and secondary particulate matter (PM). Primary non-volatile PM, consisting primarily of soot particles, has a health impact similar to secondary PM from NOx, but the magnitude of damage cost due to primary PM is about 25% of the NOx damage 3. However, reduction of primary PM is still needed and would provide a health benefit. 3.2 Climate The most significant greenhouse gas is CO2. However, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 5 NOx emitted by aircraft during climb and cruise affect climate by increasing ozone, which leads to warming, and reducing methane, which leads to cooling. Since these impacts are offsetting, the combined impact is still undetermined. The importance of soot to climate change has been stressed by Jacobson, 6 who maintains that in general, soot may account for 16% of gross global warming - an effect that would make it second only to CO2 in importance to climate change. Aircraft may have a particularly significant impact on polar warming and ice melt because polar flights are the main source of soot PM in this region. Soot may also impact two other major aircraft contributors to climate change - contrails and cirrus clouds – because soot particles may be a source of condensation nuclei. By substantially reducing NOx and soot formation at ground level and at cruise, the TAPS lean-burn combustor can provide a significant reduction in aviation’s health impacts and climate change. 1 Page 7PDF Image | TAPS II Combustor Final Report
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