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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.aem-journal.com that was purchased from DuPont Company. It was used as one of two friction layers for its outstanding electronegativity,[21] low frictional coefficient,[22,23] and high thermostability.[24] The Al foil that has excellent electrical conductivity serves as an electrode and another friction layer. As shown in Figure 1a, the PTFE sheet and Al foil were fixed on two supporting plates with the help of PET insulation tape. The component of PTFE and its supporting plate attached to a push rod of linear vibration generator serves as the movable part. The linear vibration generator with tunable frequency and amplitude acted as the vibration source that provides the mechanical vibration for the TENG. Electrical Measurement of the TENG: To investigate the electrical output performance of TENG devices in various temperatures, the whole device was placed in a high-low temperature-testing chamber (Wuxi ZhongTian, GDW-50L). To keep the testing temperature stable, an interval of 10 min was reserved to re-establish the thermal equilibrium in the chamber during the test process. Five hundred and forty cycles were performed at each test to ensure the stability of electric output. The output frequency of vibration source was set to be 3 Hz. Throughout the testing process, the relative humidity in chamber was controlled within 10 2%. The short- circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and transferred charge were measured by the current amplifier (Keithley 6514, USA), oscilloscope (Agilent DSO-X 2014A, USA) and low-noise preamplifier (Keithley SR570, USA), respectively. Relative Permittivity Test: The relative permittivity of the PTFE sheet was tested through a LCR meter (4263B, Agilent, USA) in a variable temperature system. Firstly, the PTFE sheet was inserted between two Parallel plate electrodes to form a plate capacitor. Then, the capacitances were tested under a frequency of 100 KHz. Finally, the relative permittivity of PTFE sheets was obtained by the parallel-plate capacitor formula. Characterization of the PTFE Sheets: The physical, chemical, and structural properties of the PTFE surface were studied by the means of IR, SEM, and XPS. Finite Element Method Simulations: In the finite element method (FEM) simulations, we used the “electrostatics” module of COMSOL to calculate the electric potential distribution through the “stationary” study. First, we constructed the model of TENG used for simulation in this work. The geometry parameters of the parts of model are as follows: the length and width of both friction materials are 55 and 55mm, respectively; the thickness of aluminum foil and PTFE sheet, respectively, are 0.4 and 3mm. The gap between aluminum foil and PTFE is 10mm. Second, in the “material” section, we selected the aluminum and PTFE materials. The relative permittivity of PTFE was set to be 2.0. Third, the boundary conditions such as the surface charge density was be set and the mesh was built on the model by subdivision triangular grid. Finally, we could implement the computation to obtain the electric potential information. 3. Result and Discussion 3.1. Working Principle of the TENG The working principle of TENG in one cycle has been schematically depicted in Figure 1b–e. In this paper, the term surface is referred to a thin surface layer that thickness is small, compared to the PTFE sheet thickness. Owing to the fact that two contacting materials have different abilities to attract electrons,[25] the surface charge transfer will take place on the contact interface between Al electrode and PTFE during a contact process. More specifically, the PTFE has higher electron affinity and higher work function than aluminum,[26,27] negative triboelectric charges would be injected from Al to PTFE sheet, and equal positive charges will be left on Al electrode during the contact process shown in Figure 1b. Other works have revealed that dielectric materials such as PTFE could keep charges for a long time.[25,28,29] The negative charges on the PTFE sheet could induce positive charges on the Al electrode. The positive inductive charges on the Al electrode will be reduced when the PTFE sheet move upwards to add the distance between two materials, as shown in Figure 1c. The decrease in positive induced charges on the Al electrode can be understood as a consequence of being counteracted by same amount of electrons that flow from ground to Al electrode through external circuit. Figure 1d describes the inductive charges on the Al electrode is reduced further as the distance between two materials continues to augment. On the contrary, Figure1. a)Schematicdiagramofexperimentalset-up.b–e)TheworkingprincipleoftheTENGduringonecycle:b)ThePTFEsheetcontactedwiththe Al electrode. c) The PTFE sheet move upwards to add the distance between two materials, and the positive inductive charges on the Al electrode to be reduced, causing the negative charges to flow from the ground to the Al electrode. d) The PTFE sheet continues to move upwards further until the positive inductive charges on Al electrode decreased to minimum value. There is no charges to flow. e) The PTFE sheet move downwards to reduce the distance between two materials, causing negative charges to flow from the Al electrode to the ground. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2017, 00, 1700275 1700275 (2 of 8) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimPDF Image | Temperature Effect on Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator
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