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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.aem-journal.com the inductive charges on the Al electrode is increased as the PTFE sheet move downwards to diminish the distance between two materials, as shown in Figure 1e. The electrons will flow from Al electrode to ground through external circuit. Therefore, the output current, whose direction relies on the mechanical motion direction, can be formed by the flow of induced charges on the Al electrode. 3.2. The Electrical Performance of TENG Under Virous Temperature Conditions Figure 2 illustrates the electrical performance of TENG, including the short-circuit current (Isc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and short-circuit transferred charges (DQsc). Figure 3a–c illustrate the Isc, Voc, and DQsc of TENG signal curves at 20, 10, 0, 20, 60, 100, 130, and 150C, respectively. It shows intuitively that the electrical output of TENG could stay stable at each temperature point. Figure 2d–f, respectively, shows that the Voc, Isc, and DQsc decrease with the augment of temperature from 20 to 20 C. Although the Voc and Isc have a tendency of small increasing when the temperature changes from 20 to 60 C, they can be regarded as keeping stable in the whole temperature range of 20–100 C, but drop rapidly when the temperature grows continuously, as shown in Figure 2d and e, respectively. This result is consistent with Wen’s study19. Figure 2f shows that DQsc increases as the temperature rises from 20 to 60C, but decreases rapidly when the temperature is over 100 C or below 20C. 3.3. The FEM Simulation Result and Relative Permittivity of PTFE The relative permittivity of PTFE sheet is a function of temperature shown in Figure 3a. The measurement of PTFE’s relative permittivity is accordant with results of previous researches.[30,31] For a nonpolarity solid dielectric such as PTFE sheet, the variation of relative permittivity will be caused by thermal expansion according to the Clausius–Mossotti relation. The inset of Figure 4b shows the schematic diagram of utilizing the TENG to charge a capacitor through a rectifier bridge. The higher the temperature, the lower charging voltage of capacitor becomes within a same charging time, as described in Figure 3b. Additionally, the space potential distribution between the PTFE and the Al electrode had been simulated when the TENG works at different temperatures of 20, 20, 60, and 150C, as shown in Figure 3c–f, respectively. The maxi- mum of electric potential can be reached to 825 V (20 C), 700 V (20 C), 720 V (60 C), and 400 V (150C). It indicates that the temperature may stimulate the surface electric potential to decay. The variation trend of simulation results is similar to the measured result shown in Figure 2d. As discussed above, the temperature indeed affects the electrical performance of TENG. Two reasons that contribute to this temperature- induced effect are as follows. 3.4. The Theoretical Calculation Firstly, as we know, the permittivity of a medium describes how much electric field is generated per unit charge in that medium, which also means the ability of storing charges in materials. Therefore, the diminution of relative permittivity will reduce the number of electrons stored on the PTFE surface. There are many previous researches about the contact electrifi cation.[32–35] The volume charge density on the PTFE sheet during the process of metal-insulator Figure 2. a–c) Show the electrical signal curves of short-circuit current (Isc), open-voltage (Voc), and short-circuit transferred charges (DQsc), respectively, at 20, 10, 0, 20, 60, 100, 130, and 150C. The inset in Figure 3a–c shows, respectively, the enlarged view of Isc, Voc, and DQsc at 20 C. d–f) describe, respectively, Isc, Voc, and DQsc in the temperature range of 20–150 C. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2017, 00, 1700275 1700275 (3 of 8) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimPDF Image | Temperature Effect on Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator
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