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www.advancedsciencenews.com www.aem-journal.com Table 1. Surface elementary compositions of the PTFE sheets: Primary sample (without friction or contact), and the sample contacted with an Al electrode under 30, 90, and 150C. Supporting Information Supporting Information is available from the Wiley Online Library or from the author. Acknowledgement This research is supported by the “Thousands Talents” Program for Pioneer Researcher and His Innovation Team, China, the National Key R & D Project from Minister of Science and Technology (2016YFA0202704), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51432005, 5151101243, 51561145021, 61504009, and 51608039). Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Keywords relative permittivity; surface electron traps; temperature effect; triboelectric nanogenerator Received: March 27, 2017 Revised: May 26, 2017 Published online: [1] N. S. Lewis, Science 2007, 315, 798. [2] M. S. Dresselhaus, I. L. 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Elementary composition [%] Atom ratio [%] C/O F/C 27.81 1.90 17.06 1.60 14.49 1.35 9.01 1.30 Condition Primary sample 30 C 90 C 150 C C 1s 33.93 37.54 41.15 41.7 O 1s 1.22 2.20 2.84 4.63 F 1s 64.58 59.89 55.60 53.37 magnitude of electronegativity ranks in following order: F>O>C. Owing to the difference of electronegativity between oxygen and fluorine, the ability of oxygen to attract electron is weaker than fluorine. Therefore, the PTFE attract less and less electrons during the friction process with the increase of temperature. Figure 7c and d show, respectively, the O and C peak fitting of XPS spectra of PTFE sheet contacted vertically with Al electrode at the temperature condition of 150C. The binding energy of C (1s) in those chemical groups will be 284.6 eV (C─C), 292.5 eV ((CF2─CF2)─n),[46,47] 286.45 eV (C─O─C),[46] 294.1 eV (CF3), 298.2 eV (O─C5O), and 288.5 eV (C─O).[41] Table 1 (please see the Supporting Informa- tion for detail) describes the surface element compositions from the XPS data for PTFE sheets. The surface oxygen concen- trations were in the range of 1.22–4.63%. The atom ratio of F/C reduces gradually, when the temperature rises during the friction process. This fact gives clear indication that the fluorine atoms are replaced by oxygen to form oxygen-containing chemical bonds. Namely, defluorination or surface oxidation is stronger with the increase of temperature. Thus, it means that more and more chemical groups occur on the surface of PTFE with the temperature growing. From the above analysis, the increase of oxygen-containing groups is possibly another factor that affects the electrical output performance of TENG. 4. Conclusion In summary, the effected temperature performance of TENG was investigated experimentally and numerically in a variable temperature system. It is found that electrical output performance such as short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit transferred charge of the TENG decrease with the augment of temperature from 20 to 20 C. Although the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage have trends of small increasing when the temperature changes from 20 to 60 C and then decrease a little, they can be regarded as keeping stable in the whole temperature range of 20–100 C, but drop rapidly when the temperature grows continuously. The variations in relative permittivity of PTFE, which means that its ability of storing charges show similar variation patterns to the electrical output of TENG. Based on the experiment and the theoretical analysis, the changes of relative permittivity and effective defects on the PTFE surface are contributed to this temperature-induced effect as the temperature increases. This work could provide meaningful information for the application of TENG in both power generation and self-powered sensing in the harsh environments. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2017, 00, 1700275 1700275 (7 of 8) © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, WeinheimPDF Image | Temperature Effect on Performance of Triboelectric Nanogenerator
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