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6 G. Zhu et al. Energy harvesting from inertial force The relative motion between the two charged materials can be also driven by an inertial force, providing a route to making use of vibrational energy. In this regard, a harmonic-resonator- based TENG was developed [33]. It also consists of two separate parts that are connected by springs at corners. If one part is fixed to a vibration source and the other is left freestanding, they will then have repeated contact and separation. As a result, alternating voltage and current are produced, as shown in Fig. 3a and b, respectively. The electric output is dependent on the vibration efficiency, which reaches its maximum at the resonant frequency (Fig. 3c and d). The resonant frequency can be tuned by parameters such as the mass of the free-standing component and the elastic modulus of the springs. Several practical demonstrations were made to show the applicability of the harmonic-resonator-based TENG. First, shown in Fig. 3e, the TENG was mounted onto an auto- motive engine. It sucessfully harvested vibrational energy from the operating engine and powered about 20 LED bulbs simultaneously. Second, TENG, sitting on a table, generated electricity and drove small electronics as impact from a nearby human palm initiated vibration of the table (Fig. 3f). These deonstrations prove that the TENG is sensitive to small ambient vibrations, making it suitable to a wide range of circumsntacnes for either energy-harvesting or sensing purposes, e.g. highways, bridges, and tunnels. Sliding mode Basic energy-generation process Two charged surfaces can also make relative motion that is parallel to the charged surface plane17. The basic structure of the sliding TENG is sketched in Fig. 4a. It has a structure in which two contacting surfaces that can slide smoothly with one against the other. On one of the substrates, aluminum thin film plays dual roles of an electrode and a sliding surface. On the other substrate, copper electrode is sandwiched between the substrate and a PTFE film. The PTFE film acts as another sliding surface. At original position, the two sliding surfaces are fully aligned. Driven by a tangential force applied to a substrate, relative displacement in contact mode occurs in lateral direction. After the two surfaces are fully displaced, the reciprocating force retraces them back to the aligned position (Fig. 4b). Once the PTFE film is brought into contact with the aluminum thin film, surface charge transfer takes place due to the triboelectric effect. At aligned position, positive triboelectric charges on aluminum are fully compensated by the negative counterparts on PTFE, producing no electric field in surrounding space if the electric field at the edge is ignored (Fig. 4c). Once a relative displacement is introduced, triboelectric charges that are not compensated at the displaced/mismatched areas result in an effective dipole polarization parallel to the direction of the displacement. Therefore, an electric potential difference is produced across the two electrodes, as illustrated by a simulation plot via COMSOL in Fig. 4d. Thus, the open-circuit voltage can be analytically expressed as a function of the displacement. ql l! Voc1⁄4 lnðt2þl2Þþttan1 ð3Þ where l is the mismatched displacement between the two sliding plates, q is the quantity of the triboelectric charges on one plate, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, L is the length of the TENG's plate, W is the width of the TENG, and t is the thickness of the PTFE film. The theoretically calculated Voc fits the trend of the experimental data (Fig. 4e). These two sets of results both reveal that the Voc drastically increases once the displace- ment occurs and quickly reaches a nearly saturated value. Fig. 5 Case-encapsulated triboelectric nanogenerator. (a) 3D model and (b) cross sectional view. A TENG (c) before and (d) after assembly. (e) and (f) The TENG that harvesters human body motion powers white LED bulbs. 2πε0WL 2 t Please cite this article as: G. Zhu, et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications, Nano Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.050PDF Image | Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology
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