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Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications 7 If the two electrodes are electrically connected, once displacement is established, the uncompensated negative tribo- electric charges on PTFE will repulsively drive free electrons on the copper electrode to the aluminum electrode (Fig. 4f2). The flow of induced electrons lasts until the displacement reaches the maximum. At the fully displaced position, the positive triboelectric charges are completely balanced out (Fig. 4f3). As the displacement is diminished by the reciprocating force, the induced electrons flow back to the copper electrode (Fig. 4f4) until the fully aligned position is restored (Fig. 4f1). Therefore, in the entire process, alternating current is produced through the external load. Harvesting energy from linear motion Based on the basic operating principle of the sliding mode, a case-encapsulated TENG was developed [34]. The structural configuration is depicted in Fig. 5. It has two concentric cylinders that can slide against each other. The case wrap applied tightly around the outer cylinder allows the two cylindrical structures to have relative motion in a coaxial one-dimension. Polyimide was selected as an electrification material for generating the triboelectric charges and also as the supporting substrate. On both sides of the polyimide film, copper stripes were deposited with a periodic pitch. The electrode patterns on different sides exhibited a linear shift of half pitch so that they are complementary to each other. Two polyimide films having the same electrode patterns formed a pair of contact surfaces. They are adhered onto the outer surface of a PMMA tube and the inner surface of a foam tube, respectively (Fig. 5d). The fully assembled CE-TENG is shown in Fig. 5e. The device was used to harvest random body motions. By simply shaking the CE-TENG, multiple LED white bulbs con- nected in parallel were lighted up (Fig. 5e and f). The CE-TENG Fig. 6 (a) Schematic of the rotating-TENG with 6 strip units. (b) SEM image of PTFE nanoparticles on the surface of PTFE film. (b) Short-circuit current of a rotating-TENG at a linear rotational velocity of 1.33 m/s (a rotation rate of 1000 r/min). Inset: enlarged view of the current peaks. (b) open-circuit voltage of a rotating-TENG at a linear rotational velocity of 1.33 m/s (a rotation rate of 1000 r/min). Inset: enlarged view of the voltage peaks. Please cite this article as: G. Zhu, et al., Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology: From fundamentals, devices, to applications, Nano Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.050PDF Image | Triboelectric nanogenerators as a new energy technology
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