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again regulated by Kyoto Protocol due to their high global warming potentials (Table 1.2). Nowadays, therefore, more environmentally friendly refrigerants based on natural gases such as CO2 (R744) are of great interest to compressor companies. Even though CO2 is also regulated by the Kyoto Protocol, CO2 is still the best solution replacing HFC- refrigerants, because CO2 has no ODP and a negligible GWP of 1 as seen in Table 1.2. Unfortunately, however, this CO2 based refrigerants had miscibility issues with conventional refrigeration oils, and also the properties of oils were significantly affected under CO2 environment, in addition of their need to operate at very high pressures, which renders direct replacement of current refrigerants (in the same compressors) impossible. Table 1.1 Two protocols regulating the usage of refrigerants Protocol Y ear Objective Regulating Gases Result Montreal Protocol September 1987 (UNEP) Reduce emission of ODC (Ozone-Depleting-Chemicals) CFCs, HCFCs, HBFCs, Halons (mainly man-made chlorines) HCFCs have been replaced by HFCs. Kyoto Protocol February 2005 (UNFCCC) Reduce emission of GHG (Green-House-Gases) CO2, HFCs, PFCs, CH4, N2O, SF6 HFCs have been replaced by natural gases. Table 1.2 Refrigerant Characteristics Type Refrigerant ODP HCFC R22 0.055 GWP 1700 1300 1530 3260 1 Flammability Toxicity HFCs Natural Refrigerants R134A R407C R404A CO2 (R744) HC NH3 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3 YES NO ~0 NO YES 2PDF Image | TRIBOLOGY OF POLYMERIC COATINGS FOR AGGRESSIVE BEARING APPLICATIONS
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