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3.5. Problems encountered when using highly loaded sulfur electrodes – Lithium as limiting factor?............................................................................................................105 3.6. Conclusions.................................................................................................................108 Chapter 4: Into safer cells: metallic lithium-free Li-ion/S system ............. 109 4.1. The goal of the work...................................................................................................109 4.2. Lithium sulfide (Li2S) electrode: development and studies........................................110 4.2.1. Experimental section............................................................................................110 4.2.1.a) Electrodes preparation ..................................................................................110 4.2.1.b) Characterization techniques..........................................................................112 4.2.2. Morphology of the electrodes and structural characterization.............................113 4.2.3. Typical electrochemical response ........................................................................115 4.2.3.a) Galvanostatic cycling (GCPL) results ..........................................................115 4.2.3.b) Discussion on the coulombic efficiency calculation ....................................118 4.2.3.c) Cycling voltammetry profile.........................................................................120 4.2.4. The importance of the initial charge....................................................................121 4.2.4.a) Disparities in the charge profiles ..................................................................121 4.2.4.b) GITT technique.............................................................................................123 4.2.4.c) Addition of the polysulfides to the electrolyte..............................................126 4.2.5. Determination of the cycling potential window...................................................128 4.2.5.a) Initial charge .................................................................................................129 4.2.5.b) Initial discharge ............................................................................................134 4.2.6. C-rate influence....................................................................................................135 4.2.7. Strategies for the improvement............................................................................137 4.2.7.a) The effect of a ball-milling...........................................................................137 4.2.7.b) Carbon-based current collector (NwC).........................................................141 4.2.8. In situ and operando XRD – Li2S structural changes upon cycling....................144 4.2.8.a) Experimental details .....................................................................................144 4.2.8.b) In situ XRD – results .................................................................................... 145 4.2.8.c) Ex situ XRD – supporting study ...................................................................146 4.2.9. Conclusions..........................................................................................................148 4.3. Complete metallic Li-free cells...................................................................................148 4.3.1. Ether-based electrolyte with VC addition............................................................149 4.3.2. Si/Li2S cell: proof-of-concept..............................................................................151 4.4. Conclusions.................................................................................................................155 5 Table of contextPDF Image | Accumulateur Lithium Soufre
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Sulfur Deposition on Carbon Nanofibers using Supercritical CO2 Sulfur Deposition on Carbon Nanofibers using Supercritical CO2. Gamma sulfur also known as mother of pearl sulfur and nacreous sulfur... More Info
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