Accumulateur Lithium Soufre

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Accumulateur Lithium Soufre ( accumulateur-lithium-soufre )

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General Introduction In 2013, consumption and production increased for all types of fuels, reaching the record levels, with the exception for nuclear power1. Moreover, for every energy types, the consumption rate increases faster than the production one. The general trend of primary energy world consumption is shown on Figure A, where it is clearly demonstrated that until today, oil is the world’s energy source leader, with 32.9 % of global energy consumption1. Figure A. Primary energy world’s consumption statistics from 1988 until today, in million tones oil equivalent1. As a consequence, the global growth of CO2 emissions is also accelerated, having an enormous impact on global warming effect. The worldwide awareness towards low carbon emission encourages to decrease the consumption of fossil fuels and to replace them by renewable energy sources2. It is still a long process to go, but the statistics demonstrate already that the renewable energy sources, both in power generation as well as in transportation, continue increasing, reaching a record of 2.7 % of global energy consumption in 2013, as compared to 0.8 % a decade ago1. The need of reducing CO2 emissions is also strongly debated in terms of transportation aspect. As a matter of fact, an increasing attention is paid on the hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and/or pure electric vehicles (EV) development. Moreover, the ever increase demand for renewable energy sources utilization also strongly highlights the importance of reliable energy storage systems, in order to match the intermittency with both production and demand. In this energy landscape, electrochemical energy storage systems, and most particularly batteries, play a crucial role for current and next generation applications3. The battery type is adaptable directly to a desired application, i.e. large scale (like redox-flow or Na/S systems) or more portable ones. Currently, the most popular rechargeable batteries are lithium-ion (Li-ion), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lead acid (Pb) and nickel cadmium (Ni- General introduction Primary energy sources exist in many forms, including fossil energy (i.e. oil, coal and natural gas), nuclear energy and finally renewable energy sources like solar, wind and hydropower. energy 9

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