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transportation. During discharge, Li+ ions spontaneously flow through the electrolyte from the negative electrode and intercalate into the positive one. During charge, the ions move in the opposite direction, flowing from the positive electrode and intercalating to the negative electrode, as demonstrated on Figure 1-2. Figure 1-2. Li-ion battery representative scheme12. Despite the evolution of energy storage systems achieved over the past decades, the capabilities of lithium battery technologies are constantly being challenged by the modern multifunctional portable devices, which are increasingly requiring more and more performances in terms of energy and power density. Energy storage systems were not able to improve with the same rate as the electronic industry progress. Therefore, alternative cathode and anode materials with higher capacities need to be developed. To overcome the charge storage limitations of insertion-compound electrodes, conversion materials, which undergo electrochemical reactions involving more ions and electrons, are becoming a promising option. However, achieving the full performances of these materials is still a challenge. With this perspective, two systems, lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) and lithium/sulfur (Li/S), are under extensive investigations. Li-O2 cells suffer from many unresolved and thorny issues, and its commercialization is rather envisaged for the later years to come. On the other hand, Li/S system is far way closer to being released as a real product, and some start-ups or small companies are already aiming at developing Li/S prototypes for different applications9,10,13. Li/S technology is expected to offer 2-3 times the energy density of the best performing Li-ion batteries, and reduced costs. However, many limitations are known for this system, which hinder the complete technological transfer to the commercial market. Next paragraph presents the basics of the Li/S batteries, along with its main limitations. The state-of-art of existing achievements is also briefly presented. Chapter 1: Literature review 14PDF Image | Accumulateur Lithium Soufre
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