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1.2. Introduction to Lithium/Sulfur Batteries Sulfur was introduced as a positive electrode material for the first time in 1960s by Herbert and Ulam14. Since that time, quite many attempts have been undertaken to develop the metal-sulfur batteries, some of them mainly focusing on primary Li/S cells15. After 2008, very rapid increase in the development of emerging applications (such as EV, military power supplies and stationary storage systems for renewable energy) provoked even higher demand for high performing batteries3,12,16. In particular, the increasing market of electric vehicles (EV) seems to be the strongest motivation for making Li/S batteries as the system of choice for the future. Indeed, the ever increasing attention of the Li/S cells can be also seen in terms of published papers number, with practically exponential growth since 2010, as shown on Figure 1-3. Figure 1-3. Number of articles concerning Li/S system per year. Results obtained from Scopus.com. Statistics for 2014 are not complete (up to 10/2014). Sulfur offers one of the highest theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh g-1) among all existing positive electrode materials, which is an order of magnitude higher than what is currently proposed by the transition-metal oxide cathodes17. The system could theoretically deliver energy density of ~ 2600 Wh kg-1. Moreover, sulfur is an abundant element, non-toxic and extremely cheap, which may drastically decrease the final cost of the battery. A realistic target of practical energy density is in the range of 400 – 600 Wh kg-1, which is higher as compared with the classical Li-ion cells18, and which would allow to extend the range of EVs automotive industry to 500 km (Figure 1-4)5. Chapter 1: Literature review 15PDF Image | Accumulateur Lithium Soufre
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Sulfur Deposition on Carbon Nanofibers using Supercritical CO2 Sulfur Deposition on Carbon Nanofibers using Supercritical CO2. Gamma sulfur also known as mother of pearl sulfur and nacreous sulfur... More Info
CO2 Organic Rankine Cycle Experimenter Platform The supercritical CO2 phase change system is both a heat pump and organic rankine cycle which can be used for those purposes and as a supercritical extractor for advanced subcritical and supercritical extraction technology. Uses include producing nanoparticles, precious metal CO2 extraction, lithium battery recycling, and other applications... More Info
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