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factors that should be taken into consideration when further developing and designing the Li/S cells. 1.3.1.c) The effect of sulfur loading vs. sulfur fraction If considering utilization of Li/S batteries for high energy applications, the target for positive electrode loading should be of at least 2.4 mgsulfur cm-2, thus leading to an area capacity of 4 mAh cm-2 with 100 % sulfur utilization31,121. Therefore, it is clear that most of the sophisticated architectures proposed in the literature (see section 1.3.1.a), very often costly and complicated, will not allow for high energy density Li/S batteries, if the maximum loading is of about ~ 1 – 2 mgsulfur cm-2, and even if displaying impressive specific capacity values. The main issues of these “sulfur confined in micro/mesoporous carbons” structures relate to the small pore volume of the host material and resulting low sulfur fraction. Today’s tendency seems to come back slowly to the simplest solutions, keeping always in mind the simplicity of the preparation methods and low cost of raw materials, together with acceptable sulfur loading and fractions122-124. When targeting high energy applications, there are two important parameters to be taken into account: sulfur fraction (wt%) and sulfur loading (mgsulfur cm-2). Sulfur fraction (wt%) in the electrode is simply the mass of sulfur in relation to the other components. It can vary in the literature between 20 wt% (very low ratio) to up to 80 wt%, as summarized by Hagen et al104 on Figure 1-9. Figure 1-9. Overview of some of the existing sulfur positive electrodes with respect to the sulfur fraction in the electrode composition104. Chapter 1: Literature review 27PDF Image | Accumulateur Lithium Soufre
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